Professor  A.   0.   Leuschner 
1868-1953 


Gift  of 
)r,Erida  Leuschner  Reichert 


Human  Nature 


By 
George  Scoville  \Hamlin 


Vbe  Icnfcfcerbocfcer  press 

New  York 
1917 


COPYRIGHT,  1917 

BY 
GEORGE  SCOVILLE  HAMLIN 


REP.  GEN.  LIB. 
ACCISS.NO. 


I 

GIFT 


CONTENTS 
HUMAN  NATURE  :  PART  I 

PACK 

THAT  THROUGH  THE  UNION  OF  RELIGION 
AND  SCIENCE  A  FULLER  UNDER- 
STANDING MAY  ARISE  AS  REGARDS 
"MAN'S  PLACE  IN  NATURE,"  AND 
THUS  ENABLE  THE  USE  OF  CONSCIOUS 
LAW,  THAT  WILL  MORE  FULLY  CARE 
FOR  THE  FUTURE  WELL-BEING  OF 
HUMANITY i 

HUMAN  NATURE :  PART  II 

CONCERNING  THE  APPLICATION  OF  THE 
LAWS  EVOLVING  OUT  OF  THE  UNION 
OF  RELIGION  AND  SCIENCE  TO  INDI- 
VIDUAL LIFE  AND  THE  LIFE  OF  THB 
STATE  

THE  SOUL 88 

DEATH i°5 

"MAN'S  PLACE  m  NATURE"          .        *  107 

APPROBATION 122 

ART      ,        .        .        .  •        .125 

iii 


M889844 


iv  Contents 

PAG* 

EDUCATION   ......     I4o 

NECESSITY    ......     I45 

UNDERSTANDING 


JUSTICE  ....     159 

CONCLUSION  .  2IO 


Human  Nature 


Human  Nature 

PARTI 

LAW    IS    THE    DIRECTOR    OF    FORCE 

FORCE,  in  ever  giving  birth  to  new  mani- 
festations of  her  individuality,  has  been 
enabled  to  continue  to  advance  her  own 
cause  through  example,  which  in  turn  has  led 
to  an  increasing  love  and  devotion  on  the 
part  of  her  favorite  offspring  and  chief  ad- 
mirer,— Human  Nature. 

This  blind  love  on  the  part  of  humanity  is 
as  the  intense  interest  of  the  child;  it  cannot 
be  held  within  bounds,  and  having  once  o'er- 
stepped  the  mark,  calls  upon  bitter  experi- 
ence to  lead  the  way  to  a  fuller  understanding 
of  life. 

The  very  embodiment  of  force  discloses 
law;  in  that  for  force  to  exist  it  must  con- 
form to  laws  working  throughout  the  uni- 


2  Human  Nature 

verse.  Thus  force  in  any  garb  must,  in  its 
new  habitat  or  at  birth,  have  .within  it  some 
understanding  of  law;  because  interaction 
between  the  force  born  and  other  forces 
working  in  the  environment  allows  force 
to  exist  in  this  special  garb,  and  therefore 
justifies  its  claim  to  understanding. 

Force  is  the  embodiment  of  law,  which  di- 
rects unconsciously  during  infancy:  and  dur- 
ing later  stages,  when  it  is  more  matured  and 
stronger,  recognizes  its  own  inner  power  in 
terms  of  conscious  law,  subordination  to 
which  prolongs  its  lif e.  Consciousness  is  self- 
realization  on  the  part  of  force  as  regards  the 
world  in  which  it  lives. 

Force,  in  the  garb  of  human  nature,  has 
gradually  taken  unto  herself  the  wealth  of 
ages  of  tireless  struggle  towards  an  ever 
changing  goal.  The  fortitude  called  forth 
being  ever  on  the  increase,  has  led  human  na- 
ture to  gradually  accredit  herself  with  the 
greater  share  of  glory.  The  parent,  not- 
withstanding this  neglect,  has  continued  to 
offer  ever  new  interests,  enabling  life  and 
the  struggle  to  assume  a  closer  relation- 
ship, through  the  accompanying  fuller  under- 
standing. 

The  desire  on  the  part  of  human  nature  to 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force      3 

accredit  herself  with  all  has,  notwithstand- 
ing, been  ever  leading  her  to  take  fuller  notice 
of  those  manifestations  of  individuality  dis- 
closed by  the  parent,  and  thus  through  the 
ages  the  highest  democratic  ideal  has  been 
finding  its  way  into  existence,  which  recog- 
nizes a  kinship  as  existing  between  human 
nature  and  the  smallest  grain  of  sand. 

A  feeling  of  relationship  fosters  a  spirit  of 
care  and  devotion  which  is  otherwise  lacking. 

Complete  recognition  of  the  existing  kin- 
ship between  all  organic  and  inorganic  in  the 
universe  would  not  have  benefited  humanity 
heretofore,  because  she  would  have  been 
receiving  knowledge  which  she  could  not 
assimilate,  and  so  would  have  been  befogging 
her  eyes  to  the  outward  manifestations  she 
must  understand  before  there  would  be 
actual  proof,  hence  tangible  reality,  afforded 
in  the  outside  world  which  would  force 
humanity  to  recognize  that  which  would 
lead  to  her  ultimate  good. 

If  nature's  attractions  had  sufficiently 
impressed  their  worth,  either  upon  growing 
humanity  or  the  developing  child,  natural 
checks  would  exist,  which  would  prevent 
tendencies  or  corporate  interests  from  being 
carried  too  far,  and  force  would  be  warranted 


4  Human  Nature 

in  considering  her  favorite  children  to  have 
reached  manhood  and  womanhood. 

It  is  only  given  to  youth  to  waste,  to  suffer 
bitter  experience,  and  here  and  there  discover 
enough  remaining  vitality  to  care  for  the 
waste  and  impress  the  new  discoveries  upon 
humanity.  If  the  excessive  interests  which 
youth  called  forth  had  always  found  a  nat- 
ural check,  preventing  an  overstepping  of 
the  old  mark,  new  discoveries  could  never 
have  become  a  living  part  of  the  whole,  en- 
abling the  new  organ  to  establish  its  indi- 
viduality or  special  use. 

Religion  and  Science  furnish  a  most  won- 
derfully connected  picture  of  the  passage  of 
humanity  through  the  stages  of  infancy, 
childhood,  and  youth.  Comparison  of  these 
different  stages  leads  to  a  more  compre- 
hensive picture  of  that  which  is  to  be  ex- 
pected from  the  humanity  which  is  passing 
through  the  life  and  death  struggle  for 
independence,  and,  upon  finally  emerging 
into  manhood  and  womanhood,  will  take 
upon  its  shoulders  the  burdens  of  the  world. 
This  resurrection  of  humanity  marks  the 
entrance  into  a  new  world,  whose  policies 
will  be  the  embodiment  of  toleration  and 
conservation.  Where  mature  understanding 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force      5 

will  furnish  natural  checks,  so  that  society 
as  a  whole,  in  those  groups  which  have  passed 
through  the  stages  of  infancy,  childhood,  and 
youth,  will  no  longer  be  forced  to  call  in 
bitter  experience  as  an  aid  to  discovery. 
Bitter  experience  being  understood  by  these 
bodies  to  have  grown  to  be  of  such  a  costly 
nature  that,  if  continuing  to  exercise  its 
influence,  such  would  be  the  constitutional 
weakness  resulting  therefrom  that  human 
nature  would  be  forever  prevented  from 
attaining  her  highest  democratic  ideal. 

Within  those  communities  which  have  not 
reached  that  stage  of  development  known 
as  manhood  and  womanhood,  tendencies 
will  not  find  natural  checks,  and  bitter  experi- 
ence will  of  necessity  be  called  in  as  an  aid  to 
discovery. 

Children  inheriting  the  nervous  system 
of  a  high  democratic  ideal  will,  in  the  rapid 
passage  through  the  past  ages  of  civilization 
in  the  attainment  of  manhood  and  woman- 
hood, often  overstep  the  mark.  The  parents, 
exercising  toleration,  will,  however,  hold  suffi- 
cient control,  so  as  to  prevent  youth  from 
carrying  interests  so  far  in  corporate  action 
as  to  weaken  the  whole.  Thus  those  nations 
which  stand  for  the  highest  democratic 


6  Human  Nature 

ideals  will,  in  the  future,  through  force 
of  example  and  toleration,  hold  a  restrain- 
ing hand  on  the  younger  generations,  and 
prevent  tendencies  or  corporate  interests  from 
being  carried  so  far  as  to  harm  the  whole. 

Individual  youths  and  individual  youthful 
peoples  must  still  call  upon  bitter  experience 
as  a  means  to  discovery.  Parent  and  child 
will  thus  be  enabled  to  give  new  manifesta- 
tions of  individuality  but  the  parent,  through 
example,  will  be  able  to  offer  an  increasing 
number  of  interests,  and  thus  afford  a  grow- 
ing possibility  for  the  expression  of  individ- 
uality to  all,  and  thus  there  will  be  an 
increasing  natural  check  coming  into  exist- 
ence to  prevent  interests  from  being  carried 
too  far. 

Force  discloses  two  natural  laws  working 
out  a  conscious  understanding  in  the  realm 
of  humanity  and  the  realm  of  the  child.  The 
parent  ever  seeking  to  exercise  power,  and 
the  child  ever  seeking  to  gain  independence, 
is  the  embodiment  of  opposition.  This  op- 
position, during  the  ages,  has  been  ever  lead- 
ing to  a  fuller  recognition  of  the  mutual  benefit 
to  be  derived  from  a  progressive  struggle 
towards  a  progressive  goal;  also  the  inter- 
action between  the  two  forces  brings  to 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force      7 

light  a  clearer  understanding  of  the  common 
goal. 

Humanity  has,  as  her  parent,  the  environ- 
ment clothed  in  a  variety  of  garbs,  and  always 
in  a  state  of  change.  The  environment  or 
parent  has  ever  been  seeking  to  exercise 
power,  the  child  or  humanity  has  been  ever 
seeking  to  gain  independence.  In  propor- 
tion as  each  has  been  willing  to  recognize 
the  benefits  received  from  the  other,  corpor- 
ate interests  or  tendencies  have  grown,  which 
lead  to  cooperation  in  the  attainment  of  a 
common  goal. 

During  the  infancy  of  humanity  or  the 
child  common  interests  are  lacking,  hence 
toleration  is  impossible  except  on  the  side  of 
the  parent.  In  proportion  as  interests  have 
grown  which  held  the  attention  of  both,  and 
so  prevented  tendencies  from  being  carried 
too  far,  greater  harmony  has  resulted ;  waste 
or  the  dissipation  of  force  has  been  prevented, 
and  there  has  been  a  gradual  advance  of  the 
whole. 

The  increasing  comprehension  of  human- 
ity, as  regards  the  use  to  be  made  of  the 
interests  furnished  by  the  parent  or  environ- 
ment, is  ever  leading  to  a  more  careful  use  of 
these  interests,  this  being  found  to  be  of 


8  Human  Nature 

benefit  to  the  whole.  The  parent,  in  turn, 
recognizing  this  increasing  love  on  the  part 
of  her  favorite  children,  offers  ever  greater 
opportunities  for  discovering  the  new  beau- 
ties lying  within  those  changing  interests. 

If  there  had  not  existed  these  two  distinct 
forces,  ever  finding  a  more  common  ground, 
enabling  cooperation  and  general  progress, 
and  the  parent  had  continuously  exercised 
dominating  control  of  all  life,  then  the 
parent's  interests  would  eventually  crystallize, 
and  prevent  the  faculties  or  interests  from 
being  exercised,  which  condition  would  in 
turn  lead  to  stagnation  and  eventual  death. 
If  the  interests  of  the  parent  or  environment 
had  thus  become  crystallized  and  she  had  no 
longer  given  birth  to  new  manifestations  of 
her  individuality,  she  would  gradually  waste 
away  without  having  performed  her  duty. 

The  settlement  of  questions  arising  be- 
tween parent  and  child,  call  for  increasing 
toleration,  which  recognizes  that  what  is 
justice  in  one  era  may  be  injustice  at  a  later 
time ;  that  a  claim  made  by  a  child  may  be 
an  absolutely  just  claim  in  that  era  in  which 
the  child  is  living,  whereas,  when  considered 
from  a  later  era,  the  claim  finds  no  justifica- 
tion. Thus  cases  arise  which  call  forth 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force      9 

two  legitimate  claims  to  truth,  and,  that  a 
medium  path  may  be  discovered  which  will 
lead  to  the  advance  of  both  parent  and  child, 
toleration  is  called  forth  and  a  giving  away  on 
both  sides.  The  ultimate  aim  called  more 
clearly  into  view,  through  the  interaction 
taking  place  between  parent  and  child,  the 
feelings  of  both,  although  not  altogether 
satisfied,  are  satisfied  in  part  through  the 
ultimate  goal,  which  arouses  a  feeling  that 
good  is  resulting  to  both. 

Life  never  satisfies  altogether  the  claims 
of  her  children,  for  if  she  did  there  would  no 
longer  be  a  goal  towards  which  to  strive; 
and  life  in  its  highest  conception  calls  for 
continual  growth  from  beginning  to  end. 

The  similarity  between  the  relationship  of 
parent  and  child  in  the  everyday  world,  and 
of  parent  or  environment  and  the  child 
human  nature,  in  the  world  of  ages,  becomes 
still  more  noticeable  on  further  comparison. 

Justice,  that  has  found  expression  in  the 
outside  world  during  any  epoch  of  progress, 
finds  its  way  into  the  home.  So  that  just 
in  proportion  as  justice  reigns  in  the  outside 
world  does  it  reign  in  the  home.  Thus  with 
tendencies  or  corporate  interests  being  carried 
too  far,  causing  a  reaction  throughout  society 


io  Human  Nature 

or  a  reign  of  injustice,  these  same  feelings  can- 
not escape  finding  their  way  into  the  home. 

If  the  parent  is  unable  to  find  justice  in 
the  outside  world,  an  intolerant  exercise  of 
power  eventually  takes  place  within  the  home. 
Thus  the  outside  world  must  offer  an  outlet 
to  the  very  best  there  is  in  man,  if  there  is  to 
be  progress.  The  same  demand  is  made 
by  the  parent  environment  upon  man. 
Man  must  offer  an  outlet  to  the  very  best 
there  is  in  the  parent  force  or  environment, 
otherwise  this  parent  will  exercise  power 
along  the  line  of  least  resistance,  hence  in 
the  home  or  upon  the  youth  of  humanity. 

The  alternate  reigns  of  justice  and  injustice 
are  ushered  in  and  borne  along  on  a  wave 
of  rhythm.  When  an  interest  has  spread 
and  at  last  become  corporate,  unification  has 
been  a  working  factor,  and  harmony  of 
action  has  been  the  outcome.  The  rhythm 
during  the  earlier  stages  of  this  unification 
would  be  characterized  by  discordance  of 
notes  and  would  be  hardly  distinguishable, 
but  as  the  interests  became  more  widespread, 
and  greater  cooperation  resulted,  the  rhythm 
would  become  ever  more  even  and  pleasing, 
and  would  reflect  the  amount  of  justice  that 
was  reigning. 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    1 1 

As  justice  increases  from  age  to  age,  so  in 
turn  does  the  complexity  of  the  composition 
of  the  rhythm  tend  to  increase.  This  com- 
plexity of  composition  bespeaks  a  fuller 
understanding  of  the  natural  laws  working 
throughout  the  universe,  and  a  fuller  under- 
standing of  the  beauty  of  peace.  Thus  it  is 
that  the  musicians  and  poets,  who  are  so 
sensitive  to  the  feelings  of  their  time,  are  so 
well  able  to  depict  the  controlling  interests  of 
the  times,  in  a  way  which  harmonizes  with 
the  rhythm  of  which  the  people  are  a  part, 
and  are  thus  enabled  to  make  their  music  so 
acceptable  to  the  ear.  As  tendencies  or 
corporate  interests  are  carried  over  the  mark, 
and  justice  becomes  less  and  less  a  governing 
factor  in  society,  the  rhythm  changes  in 
nature,  becoming  quick  and  spasmodic, 
eventually  dying  with  the  reaction.  Thus 
the  beat  of  a  rhythm,  which  marks  the 
approach  to  a  reaction  in  a  past  epoch,  will 
naturally  call  forth  unusual  recognition  on 
the  part  of  a  present  epoch,  whose  rhythm 
is  somewhat  harmonious. 

The  present  finds  the  parent  or  environ- 
ment and  her  children  further  apart  than  at 
any  time  during  the  world's  history,  the 
parent's  vitality  being  used  up  at  an  incom- 


is  Human  Nature 

prehensible  rate,  and  the  vitality  of  the  chil- 
dren suffering  the  same  fate.  Parent  and 
child  are  seeking  to  destroy  all  family  ties. 
This  ever  widening  gap  between  parent  and 
child  marks  the  passage  of  human  nature  into 
that  domain  towards  which  she  has  been 
struggling  during  the  ages,  namely,  the  man- 
hood and  womanhood  of  humanity.  With 
this  final  step  in  the  gaining  of  independence 
on  the  part  of  the  child  or  humanity  comes 
a  complete  willingness  on  the  part  of  the 
parent  or  environment  to  give  recognition 
to  this  change  in  relationship.  The  gaining 
of  independence  by  the  child  fosters  a  spirit 
which  is  desirous  of  developing  to  the  very 
highest  those  faculties  which  lie  yet  undis- 
covered, and  in  the  development  of  the 
individuality  is  being  brought  into  clearer 
light  the  love  of  the  parent.  It  is  ever  more 
strongly  borne  in  upon  both,  that  progress 
which  is  the  necessary  companion  of  justice, 
calls  for  continuous  interaction,  with  an  evolv- 
ing recognition  of  the  good  existing  in  both. 
The  existence  of  force  in  any  garb  calls  for 
a  degree  of  understanding.  Understanding 
is  found  in  the  force  which  is  productive 
of  growth  in  the  tree,  as  well  as  in  the  separ- 
ate molecules  which  combine  in  such  a  way 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    13 

as  to  form  inorganic  matter.  This  limited 
form  of  understanding  is  of  an  unconscious 
nature,  never  reaching  a  state  of  conscious- 
ness. It  consists  of  feeling  confined  within  a 
limited  area,  this  area  becoming  ever  more 
restricted  as  the  inorganic  is  approached. 
Feeling,  enabling  recognition  of  relationship, 
disappears  as  the  vegetable  kingdom  is 
approached,  and  almost  disappears  in  the 
mineral  kingdom.  Thus  as  the  mineral 
kingdom  is  approached,  one  set  of  molecules 
is  ever  better  enabled  to  live  separately  and 
independently  of  its  neighbor. 

Sufficient  feeling  exists  within  the  inorganic 
for  like  to  unite  with  like,  when  external  forces 
containing  a  greater  understanding  bring  the 
inorganic  together  for  their  own  purposes. 
Inorganic  matter  has  not  sufficient  feeling 
within  it,  however,  to  be  able  to  make  use  of 
the  environment  so  as  to  seek  its  own  kin. 
Thus  in  the  inorganic  world,  feeling  exists  for 
itself  and  itself  alone,  not  possessing  sufficient 
power  to  promote  growth,  or  seek  its  own  kin 
unless  that  kin  is  touched.  The  feeling  of 
contact  in  the  inorganic  generates  sufficient 
power  of  adhesion  for  kin  to  cling  to  kin 
until  some  outward  force  dissevers  them. 

With  the  concentration  of  force,  there  at 


14  Human  Nature 

the  same  time  evolves  a  more  definite  feeling 
within  that  force  of  a  relationship  between 
the  feelings  taking  place  within  its  own  body 
and  the  causes  which  produce  those  feelings, 
or  the  external  stimuli. 

The  great  impetus  which  was  given  to  the 
concentration  and  development  of  force  in 
the  form  of  the  human  being  was  the  gradual 
evolution  of  the  organs  which  permitted  of 
speech,  and  this  allowed  consciousness  to 
come  ever  more  into  existence. 

Speech  is  the  prime  organ  permitting  of  the 
development  of  memory,  for  it  has  enabled 
cooperation  in  action,  in  the  attainment 
of  a  common  goal. 

Speech  has  been  the  means  of  uniting  all 
the  organs  of  the  body,  so  that  each  might 
express  itself  through  a  common  center. 
Evolution  has  ever  found  a  common  center 
to  be  a  great  conserver  of  energy  in  the 
struggle  for  existence. 

Speech  could  never  find  its  way  into 
existence  until  different  organs  had  been 
developed  in  a  special  body  to  a  degree  which 
would  lead  one  organ,  through  being  furnished 
with  excessive  vitality,  to  use  this  function  to 
an  unusual  degree,  and  thus  be  led  to  discover 
that  some  form  of  expression  brought  about  a 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    15 

more  harmonious  interaction  between  itself 
and  the  environment.  One  organ,  having 
discovered  this  benefit  to  be  derived  from 
expression,  would  lead  other  organs  to  seek 
the  same  means  of  benefit,  until  gradually, 
throughout  the  organism,  would  be  created 
a  tendency  or  corporate  interest  towards  the 
development  of  a  new  specialized  organ. 

Expression  through  muscular  action,  creat- 
ing sound,  gradually  develops  into  language, 
which  in  turn  becomes  the  great  impetus 
to  the  establishment  of  a  clearer  relationship 
between  feelings  and  the  externals  which 
prompt  those  feelings.  As  the  feelings  grow 
in  complexity,  so  in  turn  does  the  necessity 
for  more  comprehensive  expression  grow. 
Thus  language  is  the  ever  growing  power 
enabling  the  formulation  of  those  laws  which 
govern  the  existence  of  force  in  its  variegated 
forms. 

That  the  force  human  nature  might  con- 
tinue conscious  growth,  with  an  accompanying 
concentration  of  energy,  greater  hetero- 
geneity and  coherence  of  its  being  was  ever 
accompanied  and  necessitated  by  a  corre- 
sponding evolution  in  the  surrounding  out- 
ward forces. 

The  closer  relationship  growing  up  between 


16  Human  Nature 

the  human  being  and  his  environment  has 
been  gradually  forcing  into  clearer  light 
universal  laws,  which  are  ever  finding  a  wider 
field  of  application,  and  their  practicability 
and  worth  are  thus  becoming  established. 

The  field  of  application  of  conscious  law 
having  become  so  vast,  failure  on  the  part 
of  this  director  to  recognize  the  necessity  for 
change,  to  meet  the  change  in  the  forces 
working  throughout  the  field  directed,  must 
needs  lead  to  reaction  taking  place  over  a 
vaster  area,  and  within  a  much  shorter  space 
of  time,  than  when  peoples  were  less  closely 
united. 

Laws  which  have  been  evolved  in  con- 
formity with  nature,  growth,  continue  in  ex- 
istence, and  the  director  exercises  his  power 
with  severity  or  leniency,  as  outward  condi- 
tions demand.  Those  laws  which  are  arti- 
ficial, but  which  were  necessary  to  bring 
about  a  further  and  fuller  understanding 
of  the  natural  laws,  are  ultimately  discarded 
when  they  have  served  their  purpose. 

Changed  conditions  necessitate  a  change  in 
the  manner  and  degree  of  application  of  a 
law,  and  thus  it  often  happens  that  many 
old  laws  become  unrecognizable  in  the  dress 
prescribed  by  the  new  conditions. 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    17 

That  laws  may  be  evolved  which  will  more 
fully  care  for  the  growth  of  the  force  human 
nature,  necessity  demands  that  fuller  recogni- 
tion be  .given  to  the  general  laws  govern- 
ing the  existence  of  force  in  any  one  of  its 
garbs. 

Force  working  throughout  the  universe,  in 
any  one  of  its  garbs,  necessitates  the  union 
of  at  least  two  molecules,  with  an  environ- 
ment that  will  furnish  the  union  with  nourish- 
ment, this  union  only  existing  as  long  as 
sufficient  nourishment  is  obtained  for  rejuve- 
nating both  members.  If  one  of  the  mem- 
bers receives  insufficient  sustenance,  then  in 
time  the  other  member,  through  excessive 
nourishment,  becomes  weakened,  and  eventu- 
ally incapable  of  acquiring  its  proper  susten- 
ance for  supporting  growth.  If,  under  this 
condition  of  insufficient  or  superfluous  nutri- 
tion, a  just  distribution  is  not  reestablished, 
the  sum  total  of  the  force  will  gradually 
weaken,  with  both  members  becoming  de- 
pleted and  no  longer  able  to  perform  their 
functions  in  a  proper  manner.  When  neither 
member  of  the  union  is  any  longer  able  to 
struggle,  force  in  this  special  garb  becomes 
dissipated. 

All  law  calls  for  a  recognition  of  the  two 


1 8  Human  Nature 

distinct  members  of  that  force  which  it  is 
directing,  together  with  the  environing  forces 
which  must  be  engaged  by  it  in  securing 
nourishment. 

Dissolution  of  any  force  is  discernible, 
when  interaction  between  its  two  members 
ceases,  and  the  struggle  is  no  longer  directed 
towards  reaching  a  common  goal,  but  has 
become  merely  an  attempt  on  the  part  of  one 
member  to  secure  all  the  nourishment,  with  an 
accompanying  utter  disregard  on  the  part  of 
both  members  of  the  waste  of  nourishment 
that  is  taking  place. 

In  the  very  essence  of  force  and  its  main- 
tenance is  found  the  necessity  which  compels 
recognition  of  one  molecule  by  another, 
and  a  recognition  by  the  union  of  the  environ- 
ment which  furnishes  the  nourishment. 

The  existence  of  force  has  thus  furnished 
the  basis  from  which  all  the  laws  have  evolved 
which  would  enable  the  survival  of  the  fittest 
in  the  struggle  for  existence.  The  general 
law  is  thus  furnished,  that  in  proportion  as 
force  has  recognized  the  need  for  rejuvenat- 
ing both  its  members  and  so  keeping  the 
balance,  so  has  it  managed  to  survive  the 
longer  and  increase  its  potentiality. 

Laws  evolved  into  conscious  form  have  ever 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    19 

tended  towards  the  establishment  of  a  work- 
able relationship  between  the  two  component 
parts  of  force  and  the  environment  which 
furnishes  the  nourishment,  clearer  recogni- 
tion of  the  relationship  permitting  of  a  tend- 
ency towards  advance  to  exist,  through 
conservation  of  energy.  Departure  from  a 
conscious  realization  of  the  laws  controlling 
the  existence  of  force  always  creates  tend- 
encies towards  the  dissipation  of  force  and 
waste  of  the  environment. 

Thus  a  clearer  understanding  of  the  laws 
controlling  the  existence  of  force  promotes  an 
economization  of  force,  hence  a  prolonga- 
tion of  the  life  of  the  force  in  an  ever  chang- 
ing environment. 

Human  nature,  not  having  arrived  at  that 
democratic  state  of  mind  in  which  she  was 
willing  to  acknowledge  the  interdepending 
relationship  existing  between  parent  and 
child,  has  been  enabled,  during  the  ages  past, 
to  pay  comparatively  little  conscious  atten- 
tion to  the  love  and  devotion  of  this  parent. 
The  parent  on  her  part  has  shown  increasing 
willingness  to  share  those  wonderful  inter- 
ests, which  seem  without  limit  or  range,  the 
parent  always  rejoicing  in  the  greater  happi- 
ness of  the  child,  and  seeking  to  show  this 


20  Human  Nature 

pleasure  through  ever  continuing  to  increase 
the  wealth  of  interests. 

This  incomplete  understanding  between 
parent  and  child  makes  it  evident  that 
human  nature,  as  a  whole,  has  been  passing 
through  the  infantile,  childish,  and  youthful 
periods,  and  at  last,  upon  passing  into  man- 
hood and  womanhood,  will  no  longer  be  able 
to  disregard  its  parent,  but  will  hereafter 
be  compelled  to  think  in  terms  of  the  three 
members  which  govern  its  existence.  Neces- 
sity, thus  forcing  human  nature  to  have  due 
regard  for  the  parent,  will  ever  tend  to  bring 
into  clearer  light  the  wonderful  love  which 
the  parent  cherishes  for  her  children,  and  a 
recognition  of  this  love  will,  in  turn,  throw 
a  new  beauty  about  human  nature. 

Human  nature,  during  its  infantile  period, 
considered  that  its  existence  depended  upon 
the  regulation  of  nature's  great  forces.  Thus 
the  attempt  was  made  through  long  ages 
to  regulate  the  sun,  moon,  stars,  wind,  and 
water,  etc.,  so  as  to  allow  life  to  continue. 
There  was  thus  a  great  compelling  force  of 
necessity  acting  upon  the  minds  of  those 
ages,  which  always  held  out  the  fear  of  the 
destruction  of  all,  if  due  diligence  were  not 
given  to  the  regulati9n  of  nature's  forces. 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    21 

There  was  thus  created  a  natural  tendency 
towards  man's  investigation  and  fuller  under- 
standing of  those  great  forces  which  create 
such  wonder,  fear,  and  admiration. 

The  infancy  of  human  nature  is  marked  by 
the  development  of  physical  power,  accom- 
panied by  a  growing  feeling  of  superiority 
and  egotism,  which  ends  in  an  understanding 
that  all  exists  for  it.  During  this  period 
human  nature  assumes  more  responsibility 
than  ever  afterwards,  in  that  she  seeks  to 
regulate  the  inevitable,  so  as  to  benefit  her- 
self. This  assumed  omnipotent  power  is 
known  as  magic. 

Magic  gradually  embodies  in  its  laws  the 
discoveries  that  are  made  through  ever  more 
extended  contact  with  the  environment, 
which  leads  in  turn  to  a  fuller  development  of 
physical  power.  The  development  of  phy- 
sical power  and  memory  go  hand  in  hand. 

With  the  feeling  that  the  continuance  of 
this  world  depended  upon  man,  there  natur- 
ally arose  some  individuals  stronger  than 
their  fellows,  and  it  fell  upon  these  to  care 
for  the  good  of  humanity,  as  understood  by 
them,  in  the  laws  laid  down  by  magic.  These 
rulers  of  the  world  must  uphold  the  standard 
of  goodness  of  the  day,  mainly  through  force 


22  Human  Nature 

of  example.  Caring  for  their  own  persons 
through  cooperating  with  the  laws  of  the  day, 
they  thus  held  their  physical  powers  in  a 
state  of  perfection.  With  feelings  of  such  a 
nature  ruling,  it  is  readily  understandable 
how  human  nature  justified  herself  in  killing 
her  strongest  man  if  his  physical  power 
seemed  to  be  on  the  wane,  the  new  ruler 
taking  the  place  of  the  old  that  the  world 
might  be  saved. 

A  growing  understanding  of  man's  physi- 
cal well-being  is  accompanied  by  an  ever 
widening  comprehension  of  the  existing 
relationship  between  himself  and  externals, 
so  that  his  world  is  ever  growing  larger,  and 
conditions  are  forcing  upon  him  a  growing 
regard  for  his  fellow-men.  Thus  moral  re- 
sponsibility is  beginning  to  play  a  part  in  the 
struggle  for  existence.  Moral  responsibility 
is  of  necessity  very  limited  during  this  in- 
fantile period,  because  memory  and  imagina- 
tion are  but  slightly  developed,  and  prevent 
actions  of  the  present  from  being  the  outcome 
of  an  understanding  of  the  distant  past,  as 
directed  towards  caring  for  the  happiness  of 
a  distant  future. 

The  fuller  understanding  of  externals 
gradually  developed  feeling  within  human 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    23 

nature,  which,  upon  assuming  conscious  form, 
disclosed  the  incapacity  on  the  part  of  man 
to  regulate  the  great  forces  working  through- 
out nature,  so  that  he  might  live  and  progress. 
Human  nature  had  thus  been  forced,  through 
experience,  to  discover  that  her  happiness 
depended  more  on  working  with  what  had 
come  to  be  recognized  as  inevitable  mani- 
festations of  an  almighty  power.  This  fuller 
understanding  was  being  accompanied  by  a 
gradual  lessening  of  the  great  fear  which  these 
inevitable  forces  had  occasioned  during  the 
ages.  This  almighty  power  was  gradually 
assuming  in  the  mind  of  human  nature  a 
paternal  aspect.  The  inevitable  seemed  to 
have  man's  interests  at  heart,  for  was  he  not 
stronger  than  all  else  in  the  world? 

The  paternal  aspect  given  to  the  almighty 
power  assumed  conscious  form  in  the  like- 
ness of  man,  and  was  known  as  God,  who, 
through  the  regulation  of  inevitable  forces, 
was  caring  for  the  good  of  mankind. 

This  evolving  of  a  human  God  into  con- 
scious form  marks  the  passage,  from  infancy 
into  childhood,  of  human  nature. 

The  great  benefit  accruing  to  humanity, 
through  the  advent  of  a  human  God,  is  the 
example  forcing  into  fuller  consciousness  the 


24  Human  Nature 

greater  good  to  be  accomplished  through 
moral  rather  than  physical  force.  It  is  at 
this  point  that  memory  or  understanding  is 
seen  to  be  making  its  great  struggle  for  recog- 
nition, as  being  better  able  to  care  for  the 
good  of  humanity  than  physical  force. 

That  a  still  greater  impetus  might  be  given 
to  the  development  of  the  more  recently 
uncovered  force,  mind  or  soul,  and  so  estab- 
lish its  worth  fully  in  consciousness  as  the 
most  powerful  agent  in  the  advancement  of 
civilization,  a  being  through  love  of  his 
fellow-men,  and  holding  a  fuller  understand- 
ing of  the  trials  and  sorrows  and  needs  of  lif  e, 
sacrificed  his  own  life  that  finally  a  reign  of 
peace  on  earth,  good  will  to  men,  might  be 
brought  about. 

Physical  force  and  moral  force  have  ever 
been  in  a  state  of  antagonism,  since  conscious 
recognition  was  given  to  their  individuality. 
Conscious  laws  have  never  been  clearly 
evolved,  because  human  nature  did  not 
sufficiently  understand  her  relationship  to 
the  universe  to  prevent  jealousy  springing  to 
the  foreground  now  and  then,  causing  both 
forces  to  lose  sight  of  an  ultimate  goal,  thus 
compelling  each  to  seek  to  destroy  the  other. 

The  indirect  regulation  of  the  great  forces 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    25 

of  nature  for  the  benefit  of  mankind  marks 
the  reign  of  the  childhood  period  of  human 
nature. 

During  the  childhood  period  of  humanity  a 
force  began  to  make  itself  felt,  which  severed 
its  interests  from  the  future  world,  and  con- 
centrated all  endeavor  on  seeking  to  arrive 
at  an  understanding  of  other  forces  besides 
that  garbed  in  human  form. 

The  feeling  gradually  grew  up  throughout 
a  large  part  of  humanity  that  these  external 
forces  to  man,  working  in  the  universe,  were 
not  regulated  by  some  external  force  that  had 
their  good  interests  at  heart,  but  were  merely 
results  from  the  interaction  taking  place 
between  force  and  force,  or  force  and  matter. 
If  the  parent  or  environment  had  treated  all 
her  children  the  same,  never  giving  any 
greater  reward  for  greater  struggle,  and 
had  allowed  to  each  the  same  wealth  which 
she  had  bestowed  upon  humanity,  she  would 
soon  have  exhausted  her  wealth  of  love,  and 
no  one  would  have  been  able  to  benefit  to 
any  marked  degree,  through  bravery,  en- 
deavor or  struggle. 

The  interaction  taking  place  between  these 
exterior  forces  to  man  was  gradually  dis- 
covered to  be  governed  by  universal  laws, 


26  Human  Nature 

which  had  no  respect  for  person,  so  that 
when  the  environment  no  longer  furnished 
the  necessary  nourishment  the  forces  became 
dissipated  and  were  lost  to  this  earthly 
existence.  The  laws  governing  the  existence 
of  force  came  to  be  known  as  science. 

Conscious  recognition  of  science  as  a 
means  better  enabling  human  nature  to  sur- 
vive in  the  struggle  for  existence  marks 
the  transition  period  from  childhood  into 
youth. 

The  youthful  period  of  humanity  has  ever 
been  disturbed  by  the  growing  jealousy  arising 
between  Religion  and  Science,  the  one  seeking 
to  care  for  the  future  well-being  of  humanity, 
the  other  ever  calling  more  attention  to 
earthly  existence. 

Force  working  throughout  nature  becomes 
more  tolerant  towards  its  relation  force, 
clothed  in  the  human  garb,  in  proportion  as 
each  works  with  the  other,  in  conformity 
with  the  eternal  laws,  in  the  attainment  of  a 
common  goal.  The  evolution  of  this  tolera- 
tion discloses  a  continual  giving  way  on 
both  sides  and  the  establishment  of  conscious 
laws,  which  ever  have  a  greater  regard  for  the 
whole,  and  tend  towards  the  lessening  of 
waste  on  both  sides.  If  human  nature  will 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    27 

not  exercise  toleration,  then  she  will  use 
herself  up,  together  with  those  forces  upon 
which  she  depends  for  nourishment,  and  will 
with  so  much  greater  rapidity  reach  a  state 
of  equilibrium,  when  force  in  the  garb  of 
human  nature  will  be  lost  to  existence. 

Progress  portrays  laws  put  into  practice 
by  one  people  developing  their  interests  to 
a  degree  which  causes  them  to  conflict  with 
the  interests  of  another  people.  This  con- 
flict, through  compelling  each  people  to  have 
greater  regard  for  the  other's  claims,  eventu- 
ally forces  new  laws  into  existence,  which 
have  regard  for  the  claims  made  by  both 
peoples,  hence  have  regard  for  the  greater 
number  or  the  stronger. 

Closer  scrutiny  of  the  force  Religion 
evolves  several  laws  which  stand  out  by 
themselves  as  having  exercised  such  influence 
in  the  development  of  humanity. 

Religion,  through  fast  and  fixed  laws,  has 
led  to  cooperation  in  action.  It  has  been  a 
great  controlling  force  in  the  development  of 
the  mind,  in  that,  through  compelling  human 
nature  to  look  far  into  the  distant  future, 
the  imagination,  or  the  combining  of  the  past 
with  the  present  in  order  to  care  for  the 
future,  received  exercise,  and  prevented  the 


28  Human  Nature 

loss  of  the  future,  in  the  care  bestowed  upon 
the  present. 

Religion  regulates  the  daily  action  and 
future  well-being  of  man  through  divine 
interpolation.  If  the  fast  and  fixed  laws 
which  govern  Religion  were  not  observed, 
humanity  was  bound  to  suffer,  but  that  did 
not  call  for  the  dissolution  of  all  life,  as 
would  result  from  disregard  of  the  laws  set 
forth  by  magic. 

The  laws  set  forth  by  Religion  found  tangi- 
ble proof  in  the  outside  world,  and  have 
continued  to  be  considered  for  the  most 
part  adequate  to  care  for  the  human  nature  of 
the  day.  The  feeling  grew  up  through  human 
nature,  that  the  divine  laws,  carried  as  far  as 
lay  within  the  power  of  human  nature,  were 
compatible  with  the  advance  of  civilization. 

The  divine-given  right  came  into  existence, 
with  the  advent  of  Religion,  which  permitted 
you  to  force  your  customs  and  beliefs  upon 
another  people,  if  you  were  strong  enough, 
and  you  had  discovered  the  practicability 
and  worth  of  these  same  customs  and  beliefs. 
Again,  the  end  or  good  of  humanity,  hence 
your  own  good,  justified  you  in  teaching 
others  your  customs  and  beliefs,  by  means 
of  physical  force  if  necessary. 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    29 

The  law,  which  gains  a  larger  and  larger 
propelling  force  during  the  childhood  and 
youth  of  humanity,  has  been  that  which 
sanctions  the  teaching  of  others  through 
force,  and  human  nature  has  been  the  decid- 
ing element  in  the  means  which  might  be 
used  to  secure  the  ends.  Human  nature, 
however,  did  not  take  this  great  responsibility 
upon  her  own  shoulders,  but  calling  upon 
divine  help  proceeded  on  her  way. 

Human  nature  has  at  last  proven  herself 
incapable  of  exercising  justice,  when  there 
was  no  opposing  force  sufficiently  developed 
which  would  prevent  corporate  interests 
from  being  carried  too  far.  Human  nature 
is  thus  being  compelled  to  scrutinize  more 
carefully  the  parent's  methods  of  caring  for 
her  own  well-being,  and  at  the  same  time 
looking  after  the  best  interests  of  her  children. 
The  Parent  or  environment,  during  the 
infancy  of  humanity,  used  physical  force, 
to  a  great  extent,  to  make  clear  her  teach- 
ings. The  subject  matter  was  of  a  simple 
nature,  and  the  sense  of  justice  being  so 
slightly  developed,  neither  teacher  nor  pupil 
called  for  that  fuller  understanding  of  the 
relationship  between  things  which  would 
afford  tangible  proof  to  theory.  During 


30  Human  Nature 

infancy  and  even  in  the  period  of  childhood, 
theory  and  practice  were  closely  related, 
due  to  necessity. 

Theory  and  practice,  during  the  youthful 
period  of  humanity,  have  been  separating 
at  an  increasingly  rapid  rate,  which  would 
suggest  that  there  must  be  some  connection 
between  this  separation  and  the  one  taking 
place  between  Religion  and  Science. 

Religion  teaches  that  the  saving  of  the 
soul  is  the  matter  of  a  moment,  Science 
teaches  that  the  partial  understanding  of 
nature's  laws  is  a  life-long  undertaking. 
Theory  would  foster  the  reality  of  the  mir- 
acle, Science  would  oppose  this  idea.  Theory 
and  Religion  would  therefore  create  a  grow- 
ing tendency  towards  equality;  Science  and 
practice  would  foster  a  growing  tendency 
towards  liberty. 

The  Parent  or  environment  has  been 
ever  tending  towards  the  use  of  greater 
toleration  in  the  bringing  up  of  her  children, 
and  has,  thus,  step  by  step,  led  them  on  to 
teach  themselves  and  thereby  secure  their 
independence. 

Teaching  others  to  teach  themselves  calls 
for  the  united  endeavor  of  theory  and 
practice. 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    31 

Although  these  two  great  forces,  Religion 
and  Theory,  Science  and  Practice,  have  been 
apparently  moving  further  and  further  apart, 
they  have  during  the  widening  of  this  gap 
been  ever  taking  more  notice  of  the  good  to  be 
found  in  the  other,  and  it  was  only  necessary 
that  a  reaction  should  take  place,  forcing 
each  to  see  the  good  in  the  other  and  acknowl- 
edge this  discovery  through  their  union  in  the 
attainment  of  a  common  goal. 

With  theory  and  practice  united  in  the 
seeking  of  a  common  goal,  human  nature  for 
her  own  good  adopts  in  full  the  methods  used 
by  the  parent  or  environment,  in  dealing  with 
those  children  who  have  arrived  at  the  stage 
of  manhood  and  womanhood.  Thus,  in 
proportion  as  each,  through  economical  use 
of  his  resources,  promotes  the  growth  of  the 
whole,  toleration  will  exist,  and  each  will  be 
teaching  the  other  to  teach  himself. 

Teaching  others  to  teach  themselves,  being 
the  basic  law  of  the  future  states  in  which  the 
majority  of  the  citizens  have  arrived  at  a 
state  of  manhood  and  womanhood,  will  thus 
offer  an  example  of  justice  which  will  gradu- 
ally work  its  way  through  society. 

Science  has  led  to  the  investigation  of  the 
material  things  of  the  universe,  and  found 


32  Human  Nature 

from  its  birth  in  conscious  form  an  opposing 
force  in  Religion,  which,  caring  for  the  soul, 
was  inclined  to  lose  sight  of  the  material. 

Religion  offered  a  future  ideal  towards 
which  human  nature  might  strive,  whereas 
Science,  caring  for  the  material,  could  offer  no 
such  goal. 

The  investigation  of  matter  and  force,  or 
force  and  force,  by  Science,  gradually  set  on 
foot  a  growing  tendency  towards  having 
greater  regard  for  the  present  and  less  regard 
for  the  future.  Science  was  gradually  en- 
abled to  offer  increasing  tangible  reality 
to  uphold  her  laws,  thus  gaining  the  ear  of 
human  nature.  Religion  thus  gradually  lost 
that  hold  which  compelled  human  nature  to 
use  the  imagination  in  caring  for  the  far 
distant  future.  Thus  science  has  brought 
about  its  egotistical  era  when  human  nature 
would  have  regard  for  to-day,  but  would 
leave  the  future  to  care  for  itself. 

The  two  great  directing  forces  caring 
for  the  development  of  human  nature  are 
at  swords'  points,  seeking  to  disclaim  all 
relationship.  Through  each  being  forced 
to  give  more  consideration  to  the  good  for 
which  the  other  stands,  a  harmonious  rela- 
tionship is  gradually  evolving,  which  will  al- 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    33 

low  laws  to  come  into  existence  which  have 
a  sound  basis  upon  which  to  rest,  and  which 
will  care  with  greater  justice  for  the  develop- 
ment of  humanity. 

The  development  of  the  body  and  soul, 
during  the  earlier  stages  of  civilization, 
discloses  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  human 
nature  to  split  up  into  small  communities, 
which,  like  the  ganglion  of  the  nervous 
system,  will  be  able  to  hold  power  in  reserve, 
that  can  be  used  more  effectively  when  the 
call  comes.  Communities  having  sole  regard 
for  themselves  minister  to  their  daily  wants 
mainly  through  the  use  of  physical  force, 
which  plays  at  that  time  a  predominating 
part  in  the  struggle  for  existence.  Manu- 
factured articles,  gradually  come  more  into 
use  among  these  communities,  and  gradually 
trading  between  centers  springs  up.  This 
trading  taking  place  on  an  ever  larger  scale 
necessitated  the  contract  which  enabled  men 
to  count  more  definitely  on  the  future.  Thus 
the  contract  was  a  great  moving  force  in  the 
building  up  of  character. 

When  man  looks  but  from  day  to  day,  with 
interests  so  restricted  and  physical  force 
playing  so  important  a  part  in  his  life,  any- 
thing conflicting  with  those  interests  would 


34  Human  Nature 

call  in  most  cases  for  the  use  of  physical 
force  to  adjust  the  trouble. 

Memory  through  the  nervous  system  grows 
in  proportion  as  the  work  of  each  organ  be- 
comes more  specialized,  but  ever  more 
dependent,  at  the  same  time,  upon  the 
general  condition  of  the  organism.  That 
the  tendency  towards  specialization  and  a 
greater  dependence  upon  the  whole  might  be 
cared  for,  nervous  centers  evolved. 

Civilization,  leading  to  specialization  and 
the  greater  dependence  of  each  individual 
upon  a  larger  whole,  evolved  centers  which 
should  receive  commodities  and  distribute 
them  in  new  territory.  The  next  step  came 
when  centers  were  furnished  with  an  extra 
amount  of  energy  from  the  whole  community, 
enabling  a  change  to  be  brought  about  in  the 
nature  of  the  commodities  received,  so  that 
they  might  be  sent  out  into  the  community 
greatly  increased  in  value  and  usefulness. 

This  reflex  action,  or  redistribution  of  com- 
modities in  changed  form,  would  depend 
upon  the  organization  and  system  and 
general  condition  of  the  centers,  the  health 
of  the  centers  being  in  turn  dependent  upon 
the  general  health  of  the  organism. 

Understanding  of  the  past,  entailing  mem- 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    35 

ory,  thus  grows  with  specialization  and 
centralization. 

Necessity  demands  that  moral  and  phy- 
sical force,  in  seeking  a  common  goal,  should 
progress  together.  If  one  is  developed  to  the 
exclusion  of  the  other,  then  artificial  condi- 
tions are  gradually  multiplied  until  a  re- 
action is  brought  about.  The  great  benefit 
rendered  by  moral  to  physical  force  has 
been  the  former's  ability  of  ever  placing  more 
ends  in  view  which  could  be  attained  rather 
through  cooperation  than  antagonism. 

As  that  period  has  been  approaching 
which  would  evolve  a  common  aim  and 
bring  about  a  workable  relationship  between 
moral  and  physical  force,  there  has  been  a 
growing  tendency  to  exclude  one,  to  a  very 
great  extent,  in  advancing  the  other.  Thus 
each  has  been  claiming  more  and  more  for  his 
client.  This  growing  feeling,  prompting  con- 
stant antagonism,  has  gradually  led  to  the 
good  of  the  whole  being  forgotten.  A  re- 
action being  the  inevitable  outcome  of  cor- 
porate interests  being  carried  too  far,  each 
side  is  forced  to  look  more  carefully  at  that 
for  which  the  other  stands,  and  the  laws 
growing  out  of  this  interaction  will  be  dis- 
tinguished by  a  giving  away  on  both  sides, 


36  Human  Nature 

and  the  establishment  of  a  workable  relation- 
ship, which  has  as  its  future  goal  the  good 
of  the  whole. 

That  the  potentiality  of  any  force  may 
continue  to  increase,  conviction  through 
example  and  tangible  reality  is  necessary. 
The  tree  in  the  forest  tries  to  outstrip  its 
fellows  only  when  it  finds  through  experience 
that  advance  towards  freedom  and  liberty 
leads  to  its  greater  opportunity  for  enjoying 
life  in  the  struggle  for  existence.  If  the 
struggle  to  reach  the  light  is  made  too  severe, 
then  the  tree  is  forced  to  desist,  the  smaller 
trees  claiming  an  undue  amount  of  nourish- 
ment, and  no  longer  is  there  one  tree  towering 
above  his  fellows  and  offering  an  example 
towards  which  to  climb.  Just  as  all  the  trees 
in  a  forest  could  not  reach  the  same  height  as 
the  giant  because  there  would  be  insufficient 
nourishment,  still  in  time  the  stature  of  the 
largest  may  be  approached,  through  the  ever 
decreasing  opportunity  given  to  the  weaker 
to  propagate,  and  the  growth  of  conditions 
which  naturally  care  for  the  conservation  of 
the  fertility.  If  the  small  trees  were  to  gain 
a  dominating  control,  with  each  seeking  to 
gain  the  utmost  amount  of  nourishment,  with 
an  accompanying  utter  disregard  of  his 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    37 

neighbor,  then  all  regard  for  the  sustaining 
power  of  the  soil  is  lost,  and  gradually  all 
show  less  and  less  power  to  rise.  Small 
trees  can  never  exercise  a  dominating  control 
for  any  length  of  time,  except  where  the  soil 
is  impoverished  or  the  climatic  conditions 
prevent  full  advantage  to  be  taken  of  the 
nourishment  offered.  Man  may  step  into  a 
forest  and  through  artificial  means  lead  all  the 
trees  to  be  of  one  stature,  but  this  does  not 
lead  to  conservation  of  the  soil  as  considered 
from  the  viewpoint  of  the  centuries. 

If,  where  conditions  warrant  the  growth  of 
large  trees,  a  tendency  gains  control  which 
enables  the  smaller  trees  to  become  thicker 
and  thicker,  thus  preventing  the  larger  trees 
from  entering  into  the  struggle,  the  nourish- 
ment in  the  soil  is  wasted  at  an  ever  increas- 
ing rate,  and  eventually  all  trees  grow 
smaller  and  smaller.  Thus  for  fertile  soil 
to  harbor  its  resources  one  body  of  small 
trees  must  not  gain  the  upper  hand,  for  this 
condition  must  needs  lead  to  internal  strife 
and  a  condition  of  jealousy  within  its  own 
borders,  so  that  little  thought  can  be  given 
to  the  morrow  or  the  harboring  of  resources, 
and  thus  all  thought  as  regards  the  good  of 
the  whole  is  gradually  lost.  Rather  must 


38  Human  Nature 

there  be  groups  of  large  and  smaller  trees 
which  respect  the  established  rights  of  the 
others,  knowing  that  for  the  better  advance- 
ment of  the  whole  there  must  exist  large  and 
small,  that  no  one  body  might  give  too  much 
consideration  to  the  present,  and  no  one 
body  might  give  too  much  consideration  to 
the  future. 

Human  nature  says  that  without  con- 
viction, which  establishes  for  a  contemplated 
action  definite  relationships  in  the  outside 
world,  a  state  of  indecision  is  fostered.  There 
must  therefore  be  conviction  in  those  feelings 
which  would  prompt  constructive  action.  In 
proportion  as  conviction  establishes  its  reality 
and  assumes  clearer  relationship  with  the 
world  at  large,  so  it  becomes  a  part  of  human 
nature,  because  in  its  ever  widening  field  of 
relationships  human  nature  is  ever  finding 
an  increasing  reminder  of  its  reality.  Reality 
growing  up  within  human  nature  thus  be- 
comes its  propelling  power. 

Conviction  is  only  possible  when  proof  is 
being  constantly  offered  which  will  rejuve- 
nate the  conviction,  and  such  proof  depends 
on  general  progress. 

The  growth  of  communities  is  attended 
with  an  increasing  power  of  holding  on  to  the 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    39 

past.  Thus  the  custom  gradually  grew  of 
worshiping  the  past,  and  building  the  future 
upon  this  admiration.  Time  evolved  out  of 
this  habit  of  thought  a  natural  future  state 
to  which  all  acts  of  the  past  would  lead. 
All  tendencies  within  human  nature  being 
directed  towards  the  attainment  of  the  goal, 
it  was  natural  that  after  ages  had  passed 
under  these  conditions,  a  future  ideal 
should  formulate  itself  in  the  mind  of  that 
day  which  should  satisfy  all  the  longings  and 
aspirations  of  the  very  noblest  soul. 

Thus  we  see  with  humanity  as  with  the 
noble  tree  in  the  forest,  it  has  been  example 
which,  acting  as  leaven,  forced  the  whole  to 
rise,  and  in  proportion  as  the  very  noblest 
or  example  is  prevented  from  standing  out 
and  making  itself  plain,  so  result  waste  and 
depletion  and  a  gradual  decline  of  the  whole. 

Human  nature  has,  through  exercising  all 
her  powers  in  seeking  to  bring  about  an 
earthly  state  similar  to  the  conceived  future 
state,  been  forced  to  recognize  ever  more 
fully,  that  a  similar  state  on  earth  for  all,  or  a 
state  of  equality,  would  not  lead  to  progress, 
because  there  would  be  no  tangible  example 
of  the  best  in  human  nature  seeking  to  rise. 
There  has  been  a  growing  feeling  of  unreality 


40  Human  Nature 

connecting  itself  with  the  future  ideal  state, 
because  human  nature,  formulating  its  con- 
victions too  much  on  unreality,  finds  no 
tangible  truth  upholding  its  convictions,  and 
eventually  the  convictions  become  unsup- 
portable  through  lack  of  reality. 

In  the  development  of  any  new  organ 
within  an  organism,  the  whole  concentrating 
its  energies  on  a  growing  interest  gradually 
evolves  a  new  organ,  whose  generation  has 
called  for  excessive  nutrition,  which  has 
gradually  led  to  the  weakening  of  the  whole 
organism,  and  a  reaction  becomes  necessary 
throughout  the  organism,  that  the  new 
interest  might  be  checked,  and  the  new 
function  might,  through  the  establishment  of 
a  workable  relationship  with  all  the  other 
functions  of  the  body,  become  a  great  adjunct, 
enabling  a  conservation  of  energy  and  a 
growth  of  the  whole. 

Human  nature  has  followed  the  plan  of 
development  found  to  take  place  in  the  evolu- 
tion of  any  new  organ  within  an  organism. 

That  human  nature  might  better  enter  into 
the  struggle  for  existence  during  her  infancy, 
she  concentrated  all  her  interests  on  the 
present,  and  thus  gradually  built  up  a  foun- 
dation. With  this  foundation  constructed, 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    41 

human  nature,  on  passing  into  childhood, 
concentrated  her  interests  on  the  future. 
During  the  childhood  period,  having  added 
one  story  to  the  structure  through  exercise  of 
the  imagination,  human  nature  passed  over 
into  the  youthful  period  of  development. 

It  has  been  during  human  nature's  period 
of  youth  that  the  greatest  struggles  have 
taken  place,  in  that  she  has  been  tossed 
hither  and  thither  on  a  wave  of  indecision. 
Conditions  have  compelled  human  nature 
to  concentrate  her  attention  on  the  present, 
using  a  great  deal  of  knowledge  acquired  in 
the  construction  of  the  foundation,  hence  the 
future  during  this  period  ever  receiving  less 
attention.  The  power  of  the  imagination 
has  been  finding  a  more  limited  area  in  the 
realm  of  the  present.  It  is  the  power  of  the 
imagination  that  has  discovered  for  human 
nature  all  the  beauty  that  exists  in  the 
world,  the  greatest  happiness  resulting  when 
the  imagination  does  not  become  lost  either 
in  the  realm  of  the  present,  past,  or  future. 
Thus  the  highest  form  of  democracy  calls 
for  conditions  that  will  seek  to  properly 
stimulate  the  imagination. 

The  ages  have  thus  afforded  human  nature 
the  opportunity  for  discovering  the  good 


42  Human  Nature 

residing  within  the  present,  past,  and  future, 
and  now  on  emerging  into  manhood  and 
womanhood,  with  the  roof  of  the  house  nearly 
completed,  the  world  gazes  upon  a  home 
which  is  prepared  to  care  with  ever  greater 
love  for  the  future  or  old  age  of  human 
nature. 

A  workable  relationship  between  the  pres- 
ent, past,  and  future  having  been  established, 
human  nature  will  be  enabled  to  exercise  all 
her  faculties  to  their  utmost,  so  that  she 
may  increase  the  potentiality  of  her  force  to 
the  zenith,  and  thus  while  caring  for  herself 
in  the  best  possible  way,  at  the  same  time  she 
will  be  caring  for  those  far  distant  ages,  or 
the  old  age  of  human  nature.  The  highest 
conception  of  life  calls  for  growth  from 
beginning  to  end.  Thus  although  the  phy- 
sical powers  may  become  depleted  from  in- 
ability to  secure  sufficient  nourishment,  let 
it  be  possible  that  old  age  will  ever  find  the 
mind  active  because  of  its  greater  power  of 
resistance. 

Advance  in  the  realm  of  human  nature  has 
ever  called  for  the  expression  of  individuality, 
and  a  failure  to  comply  with  this  demand 
must  needs  lead  to  a  state  of  indecision. 

Human  nature  lays  down  the  law  of  acting 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    43 

according  to  your  convictions  to  the  best  of 
your  ability.  If  this  is  the  root  and  basic 
law  of  all  progress,  then  human  nature  must 
expect  of  others  what  she  conceives  as  leading 
to  the  highest  development  of  herself.  Hence 
it  must  be  expected  that  individuals  will  act 
according  to  their  convictions,  and  that 
groups  will  do  likewise. 

The  parent  or  environment,  looking  on 
this  struggle  of  her  children  to  gain  manhood 
and  womanhood  from  an  evolutionary  point 
of  view,  says  that  the  questions  involved 
are  of  too  great  vastness  to  enable  absolute 
blame  to  be  laid  either  on  one  side  or  the 
other.  Rather  must  it  be  considered  as  the 
only  possible  means  the  times  afforded  of 
forcing  upon  humanity  laws  which  would  care 
for  the  future  ages. 

Religion,  or  the  adoration  of  the  future, 
becoming  a  corporate  interest  or  tendency 
overstepped  the  mark,  and,  bringing  about  a 
reaction,  enabled  the  specialization  of  its 
function  to  become  recognized.  Science,  or 
the  adoration  of  the  present,  with  the  past  as 
a  boon  companion,  has  in  turn  o'erstepped 
the  mark,  causing  a  far  wider  reaction  to  take 
place,  and  within  a  much  shorter  space  of 
time  than  in  the  case  of  Religion. 


44  Human  Nature 

Philosophy  has  been  the  constant  friend 
of  science,  seeking  to  bring  the  understanding 
of  the  past  and  present  to  bear  upon  the 
future. 

That  a  more  workable  harmony  may  be 
brought  about  which  will  enable  individuality 
to  develop  to  an  ever  greater  degree  so  that 
actions  may  be  based  on  due  regard  for  the 
present,  past,  and  future,  some  common 
ground  must  be  found  which  will  enable 
comparisons  to  be  made  between  Religion  and 
Science.  The  question  arises  whether  both 
forces  are  not  inextricably  related  and  have 
been  working  through  the  ages  hand  in  hand. 

Common  ground  to  both  Religion  and 
Science  is  human  nature,  hence  it  will  be 
necessary  to  lay  bare  the  laws  governing  the 
existence  of  this  third  force  that  comparison 
may  be  made  with  the  laws  governing  Re- 
ligion and  Science. 

The  wonderful  nervous  system  which  is 
the  embodiment  of  human  nature  has  gradu- 
ally built  for  itself  an  abode,  the  human 
body,  whose  splendor  outshines  all  else  in  the 
world,  for  it  represents  the  concentrated 
energy  of  ages,  and  comprises  more  of 
beauty  and  good  than  any  other  manifestation 
of  force. 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    45 

That  just  appreciation  may  exist  of  the 
soul  residing  within  human  nature,  reali- 
zation of  the  ages  upon  ages  of  interaction 
between  inner  life  and  ever  changing  out- 
ward conditions  must  be  awakened.  In 
proportion  as  human  nature  is  able  to  enter 
into  the  feelings  of  the  past  and  appreciate 
the  struggles  which  have  led  to  the  present 
development,  is  she  in  a  state  to  appreciate 
to  a  degree  her  own  existence. 

Nervous  system  and  body  have  been 
developing  during  the  countless  ages  hand  in 
hand,  the  one  ever  dependent  on  the  other 
for  its  growth. 

The  increasing  heterogeneous  environ- 
ment has  been  the  constant  companion  of  the 
developing  nervous  system.  Each  reacting 
on  the  other  has  brought  about  a  gradual 
concentration  of  energy  and  conservation  of 
force.  The  nervous  system  wa  •  compelled 
to  grow  that  it  might  be  enable  1  to  respond 
adequately  to  a  greater  variety  of  outer 
stimuli.  The  outer  stimuli  were  compelled 
to  grow  in  number  and  interest  that  human 
nature  might  grow.  Increase  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  nervous  system  has  led  to  greater 
cooperation  on  the  part  of  the  whole  in 
the  attainment  of  a  common  goal,  hence 


46  Human  Nature 

harmony  of  action  has  been  the  keynote  of 
advance. 

Growth  in  the  feelings  generated  by  the 
different  senses  gradually  forced  feelings  to 
discover  some  kinship  and  eventually  a  con- 
scious relationship  with  the  whole. 

Willingness  on  the  part  of  feelings  to 
recognize  a  relationship  took  place  as  the 
nerve  fibers,  which  conveyed  feeling  from  the 
impressible  seat  of  the  sense  to  the  muscle 
or  muscles  which  needed  to  be  contracted  or 
expanded  that  reaction  might  be  made  to  an 
outward  force,  were  led  to  seek  a  common 
center  so  as  to  conserve  energy. 

That  a  rough  example  may  explain  this 
tendency  on  the  part  of  feelings  when  suf- 
ficiently varied  to  claim  kinship,  the  senses 
sight  and  sound  will  be  considered. 

The  senses  sight  and  sound,  during  their 
early  stages  of  development,  must  have 
controlled  the  same  muscles  through  separate 
nerve  fibers  for  ages  before  they  were  enabled 
to  cooperate  in  bringing  about  similar  action 
through  a  common  center.  The  develop- 
ment of  sufficient  memory  in  the  two  sets 
of  nerve  fibers  which  connected  the  senses 
sight  and  hearing  through  the  instrumen- 
tality of  separate  ganglion  centers  with  cer- 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    47 

tain  muscles  for  like  to  seek  like,  or  for  a 
feeling  to  arise  that  similar  muscular  actions 
were  the  necessary  responses  to  stimuli  that 
affected  the  sight,  and  different  stimuli  that 
affected  the  hearing,  would  call  for  ages  of 
interaction,  in  close  companionship,  with 
the  environment. 

With  a  feeling  of  relationship  between  these 
two  senses  growing  in  strength  through  the 
ages  of  companionship  there  would  naturally 
grow  up  a  tendency  to  seek  a  common  center, 
the  resulting  conservation  of  energy  allow- 
ing muscular  action  to  take  place  without 
necessitating  a  separate  center,  with  separate 
lines  of  communication,  to  bring  about  the 
same  muscular  action.  Centers  of  control 
have  thus  done  away  with  lines  of  nerve 
fibers  that  were  no  longer  necessary. 

A  growing  relationship  between  the  feelings 
taking  place  throughout  the  nervous  system, 
and  a  corresponding  growing  necessity  for 
cooperation  in  action  to  meet  the  changed 
environment,  gradually  developed  the  two 
centers  of  control,  the  brain  and  the  spinal 
cord. 

The  brain  and  the  spinal  cord  are  during 
their  growth  very  dependent  one  on  the 
other,  but  as  their  functions  become  ever 


48  Human  Nature 

more  specialized  they  in  turn  become  ever 
more  independent. 

The  work  of  the  spinal  cord  entails  the 
regulation  of  the  muscular  actions  to  a  great 
extent.  The  brain  being  the  seat  of  memory 
of  all  feelings,  gradually  through  being  en- 
abled to  hold  in  memory  the  feelings  resulting 
both  from  action  and  reaction,  permits  the 
simpler  feelings,  which  would  prompt  recog- 
nized reactions  with  their  accompanied  under- 
stood feelings,  to  pass  by  without  opposition, 
and  delegates  the  spinal  cord  to  respond 
to  the  simpler  feelings.  The  brain  gradu- 
ally develops  to  a  state  where  most  of  the 
power  is  delegated,  except  in  the  case  of  the 
feelings  which  might  call  for  a  variety  of 
muscular  actions. 

The  brain  has  gradually  developed  into  a 
center  that  weighs  involved  feelings.  This 
weighing  of  involved  feelings,  or  control  of 
actions  relative  to  time,  space,  and  force,  is 
higher  consciousness  or  reasoning. 

That  involved  feelings  might  be  weighed 
by  the  nervous  center  the  brain,  there  of  ne- 
cessity had  to  develop  a  specialized  part  of 
the  brain  which  would  control  the  egress  of 
the  feelings.  Thus  in  man  the  frontal  lobes 
have  developed  to  a  marked  degree  and 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    49 

afford  a  bumper,  which  allows  the  feelings  to 
play  back  and  forth  through  the  brain  and 
arouse  through  the  nervous  system  feelings 
which  would  be  similar  to  those  brought 
about  by  reflex  action.  These  feelings,  in 
turn,  find  their  way  back  to  the  brain,  so 
that  in  reasoning  there  is  a  continuous  play  of 
feelings  within  the  brain.  If  feelings  find 
no  outward  expression,  external  stimuli  often 
continue  to  make  themselves  felt,  and  thus 
the  play  of  feelings  continues  to  find  rein- 
forcement from  without. 

The  judge  who  renders  the  decision  as  to 
the  time,  place,  and  manner  of  the  action 
which  will  allow  the  outward  condition  to 
be  met  is  in  the  case  of  human  nature  the 
corporate  body.  In  the  weighing  of  in- 
volved feelings  by  the  brain,  the  various 
organs  of  the  body  are  consulted  and  each 
offers  its  quota  of  feeling.  At  last,  when  a 
tendency  has  been  created  within  the  body 
politic  and  the  majority  is  ruling,  sufficient 
strength  is  brought  to  bear  by  the  corporate 
interests  to  force  their  measure  past  the 
frontal  lobe  or  opposing  tendency,  which  in 
turn  receives  its  sustaining  power  in  the  form 
of  feeling  gathered  from  the  corporate  body. 
Feeling  thus  becomes  released  along  channels 


50  Human  Nature 

which  lead  to  those  muscles  which  will 
prompt  the  necessary  action. 

The  regulation  of  action  in  conformity 
with  time,  space,  and  force  is  possible  in 
proportion  to  the  ability  of  the  feelings 
generated  by  stimuli  establishing  a  clear 
relationship  with  natural  laws,  the  feelings 
finding  expression  in  adapting  in  conformity 
with  natural  laws  the  inner  actions  to  the 
accomplishment  of  the  outer  task. 

Feelings  generated  which  do  not  establish 
a  relationship  with  natural  laws  tend  towards 
the  non-producing  of  any  outward  action. 
These  feelings  being  indulged  for  their  own 
sake  are  unable  to  discover  any  relationship 
in  the  outer  world,  hence  lack  that  reality 
or  motor  force  which  compels  advance. 

Outward  action  in  conformity  with  natural 
laws  prompts  advance,  hence  tends  towards 
the  benefit  of  the  being  carrying  out  the 
action.  It  is  thus  impossible  to  do  anything 
for  the  good  of  the  whole  which  does  not 
result  in  individual  benefit  to  him  who  per- 
forms the  action.  Hence  when  one  does 
what  is  best  for  the  whole  one  does  what  is 
best  for  himself,  and  when  one  does  what  is 
best  for  himself  he  does  what  is  best  for  the 
whole.  Furthermore,  all  our  ideas  of  time, 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    51 

space,  and  force  are  the  evolution  of  the 
human  nature  given  to  us  at  birth,  in  an 
incoordinated,  undeveloped  state,  interacting 
with  an  environment  different  from  any 
that  ever  existed,  hence  there  are  two  new 
forces  interacting,  and  therefore  human 
nature's  conception  of  the  universe  is  in 
every  case  an  individual  one. 

Each  individual  conceives  another's  ideas 
of  time,  space,  and  force  in  terms  of  what 
time,  space,  and  force  mean  to  him. 

Considering  human  nature's  idea  of  time, 
space,  and  force  as  in  a  condition  of  flux, 
and  that  in  developing  individuality  to  its 
zenith  you  care  for  the  whole,  the  conclusion 
must  needs  force  itself  into  consciousness, 
that  each  individual  in  this  world  performs 
every  action  for  his  or  her  own  happiness 
or  growth.  If  the  action  is  performed  in  a 
constructive  way,  the  feelings  find  tangi- 
bility in  the  outside  world,  or  an  impetus 
to  further  endeavor.  If  the  action  is  per- 
formed in  a  non-constructive  way,  the  outside 
world  offers  no  tangible  manifestation  of 
growth,  and  an  impetus  to  constructive 
action  is  lacking. 

Human  nature  lays  down  the  law,  that 
"ability  to  help  others  is  in  proportion  to 


52  Human  Nature 

the  ability  of  the  individual  to  control  and 
help  himself. " 

"Each  man  works  only  for  the  purpose  of 
manifesting  his  individuality."  As  mani- 
festation of  individuality  is  only  possible 
through  a  growing  regard  for  the  whole, 
therefore  the  necessity  for  advance  or  the 
growth  of  justice  forces  the  individual  to 
have  regard  for  the  whole  if  he  would  mani- 
fest his  individuality. 

The  stimulus  prompting  the  development 
of  individuality  is  the  force  of  approbation 
lying  within  human  nature. 

Approbation  is  of  very  different  worth 
at  successive  stages  of  the  world's  history, 
but  its  force  is  becoming  of  ever  more  sig- 
nificance in  that  its  field  of  tangibility  is 
susceptible  of  more  rapid  growth  and  a 
greater  power  of  conviction. 

The  march  of  civilization  shows  different 
stages  of  development,  which  call  for  direct 
opposition  to  the  beliefs  and  customs  of  the 
day,  that  greater  justice  may  be  brought  to 
light.  The  imagination  enables  those  who 
receive  the  disapprobation  of  their  fellow- 
men,  during  these  great  epochs  of  change,  to 
so  clearly  hold  in  mind  the  future  benefits 
evolving  out  of  the  disagreement  that  suf- 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    53 

ficient  force  is  created  within  the  individual, 
through  use  of  the  imagination,  to  sacrifice 
even  life  at  times  to  the  cause.  It  is  thus 
more  noticeable  why  it  is  necessary  that 
human  nature  should  create  out  of  the  work 
accomplished  in  this  world  individual  appro- 
bation. 

With  the  spread  of  toleration  and  a  growing 
sense  of  justice  human  nature  will  seek  with 
ever  greater  diligence  to  grant  approbation 
rather  during  life  than  after  death,  and  thus 
will  be  afforded  an  ever  greater  stimulus 
to  those  who  would  seek  to  develop  indi- 
viduality to  the  highest  point  to  which  the 
force  within  and  conditions  without  will 
permit. 

All  work,  accomplished  with  honesty  of 
purpose  brings  with  its  execution  feelings 
of  pleasure  which  increase  the  potentiality  of 
the  force  seeking  to  advance. 

Work  is  the  utilization  of  the  environment 
for  the  purpose  of  nourishing  the  force  human 
nature  so  that  the  potentiality  of  this  force 
may  continue  to  increase  and  so  resist 
dissolution. 

The  evolution  of  human  nature  and  the 
parent  or  environment  have  ever  been  forcing 
into  consciousness  laws  which  had  greater 


54  Human  Nature 

regard  for  the  whole,  hence  nature  has  ever 
fostered  a  tendency  towards  the  good. 

The  following  definition  of  choice  con- 
sidered from  an  ^evolutionary  point  of  view 
becomes  compatible  with  good.  "Choice 
springs  from  that  fundamental  property  of 
organic  element  by  which  what  is  desirable 
is  sought,  what  is  painful  is  shunned." 
Human  nature  when  it  becomes  capable  of 
weighing  more  involved  feelings  often  comes 
to  the  conclusion  that  what  the  future  holds 
in  store  is  more  painful  than  the  pain  which 
intermediate  action  would  call  forth.  Thus 
it  is  that  intermediate  action  may  call  forth 
incalculable  pain  and  even  death  that  what 
is  desirable  may  be  secured  and  what  is  pain- 
ful may  be  shunned. 

An  over-development  of  each  and  every 
organ  during  its  advent  characterizes  the 
evolution  of  the  human  being.  It  is  only  in 
this  way  that  a  new  organ  can  come  into 
existence  and  make  its  individuality  or  special 
use  known. 

The  advent  of  a  new  organ  in  any  organism 
calls  for  an  ever  stronger  feeling  to  grow  up 
throughout  the  whole  that  for  a  more 
conservative  interaction  to  take  place  be- 
tween itself  and  the  environment  there  must 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    55 

be  united  action  in  developing  that  which 
one  organ  had  incidentally  discovered  led  to 
its  special  good.  This  interest  which  at  first 
is  incidental,  gradually  gains  recognition 
from  the  other  organs  as  each  in  turn  gradu- 
ally discovers  some  benefit  accruing  to  itself 
through  indirect  use  of  the  new  interest. 
It  is  thus  that  each  organ  becomes  interested 
in  this  new  means  of  betterment  and  seeks 
for  a  more  direct  control.  The  corporate 
interest  or  tendency  which  grows  up  within 
the  organism  eventually  leads  to  concentrated 
action  in  developing  that  special  feature 
which  one  organ  discovered  was  so  beneficial 
in  the  struggle  for  existence.  Thus  gradually 
the  new  function  of  an  old  organ,  through 
the  unusual  amount  of  nourishment  furnished 
it,  grows  in  strength,  and  eventually  parent 
and  offspring  separate,  and  the  offshoot 
through  its  special  use  becomes  a  new  organ. 

Thus  a  common  organ  has  been  evolved 
which  performs  for  the  whole  organism  that 
which  it  did  in  its  infancy  for  only  one  organ. 

A  new  organ  prior  to  its  birth  and  during 
infancy  calls  for  excessive  nourishment  from 
the  whole  organism.  The  organ,  which  dis- 
covered through  an  excessive  interaction 
taking  place  between  itself  and  the  environ- 


56  Human  Nature 

ment,  a  new  means  of  caring  for  its  person, 
was  enabled  to  make  this  discovery  only 
through  having  greater  vitality  and  strength 
than  any  predecessor. 

During  the  growth  of  a  new  organ  more 
and  more  nourishment  is  called  for  from  the 
parent,  until,  with  the  fuller  growth  of  the 
new,  the  drain  upon  the  whole  becomes  too 
great,  a  reaction  is  brought  about,  and  the 
new  organ  is  forced  to  care  to  a  greater 
degree  for  itself.  This  reaction  throughout 
the  organism  establishes  between  the  new 
organ  and  the  whole  a  workable  relationship. 
The  old  organs  greatly  profit,  through  the 
advent  of  this  new  organ,  in  that  their 
functions  become  ever  more  distinctive,  each 
becomes  more  vitally  connected  with  the 
whole,  and  waste  is  lessened. 

The  development  of  any  new  organ  calls 
for  that  organ  establishing  its  individuality, 
and  through  proving  its  personal  worth  to 
the  rest  of  the  organism  it  finds  its  mean 
level,  and  is  thus  enabled  to  work  in  har- 
mony and  towards  the  advancement  of  the 
whole. 

Organic  life  possessing  a  slightly  developed 
nervous  system  brings  into  this  world  new 
organs  which  call  for  a  degree  of  care  after 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    57 

birth.  In  some  cases  the  life  is  sufficiently 
developed  at  birth  to  cope  with  the  environ- 
ment. 

The  more  highly  developed  nervous  system 
calls  for  an  ever  increasing  length  of  time  in 
which  it  may  gradually  develop  and  learn 
to  care  for  itself.  A  more  developed  nervous 
system  calls  for  a  greater  length  of  time 
for  development,  but  at  the  same  time 
each  one  of  the  stages  of  development  is 
being  somewhat  shortened.  Due  considera- 
tion not  being  given  to  the  change  taking 
place  in  the  human  nervous  system  leads 
to  an  excess  of  theory  being  demanded  from 
youth,  which  leads  to  reality  becoming  less 
and  less  a  factor  of  life,  and  at  last  the 
nervous  system  becomes  overtaxed. 

Although  the  care  of  the  human  being 
extends  over  such  a  long  time,  this  care, 
with  the  progress  of  civilization,  has  been  call- 
ing for  less  and  less  negation  on  the  part  of 
the  parent.  The  parent  entering  into  the 
feelings  of  the  child  acquires  a  growing 
appreciation  of  the  child  world,  and  thus  finds 
pleasure  in  that  which  pleases  the  young. 
The  parent  through  entering  into  the  lively 
feelings  of  youth  is  enabled  to  enjoy  life  to 
a  fuller  extent  and  continue  young  in  spirit, 


58  Human  Nature 

and  secondly  it  is  in  this  wise  that  the  friend- 
ship of  the  child  is  held  and  its  confidence 
gained. 

The  human  being  in  living  over  the  past 
through  the  instrumentality  of  the  young 
is  being  forced  to  relax  and  change  his  world. 
If  there  is  no  opposing  force,  old  age  takes 
place  at  a  far  more  rapid  rate.  The  increase 
of  common  interests  between  parent  and 
child  leads  to  a  growing  toleration  on  the 
part  of  both,  an  increasing  love  and  devotion, 
and  the  desire  that  each  should  bring  to  light 
the  very  best  that  the  other  possesses.  The 
parent  will  be  forever  seeking  to  develop  the 
personal  responsibility  of  the  child  through 
giving  ever  more  independence,  knowing 
that  such  toleration  will  lead  to  the  deeper 
love  of  the  child  for  the  parent.  Thus  it 
is  that  the  parent  is  so  often  forced  to  go 
directly  opposite  to  a  prevalent  desire,  and 
this  sacrifice  of  the  present  to  the  future 
is  only  possible  when  the  future  good  of  the 
child  stands  out  so  clearly  that  it  offers  a 
check  to  the  present  desire. 

The  gradual  concentration  of  interest  of 
the  whole  organism  on  the  development 
of  any  new  organ  is  unconscious,  for,  as 
Bergson  says:  "What  interests  us  is  the 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    59 

immovable  plan  of  the  movement,  and  not 
the  movement  itself."  No  clear  relation- 
ship having  established  itself  between  a 
developing  organ  and  the  whole  organism, 
all  organs  become  interested  in  discovering 
the  worth  of  the  new  in  the  struggle  for  exist- 
ence. Thus  each  organ  becoming  ever  more 
interested  in  the  development  of  the  new 
loses  sight  of  its  neighbor,  and  at  last,  through 
using  up  so  much  energy  in  seeking  to  make 
use  of  the  new  organ,  leads  to  the  creation 
of  a  general  unrest  throughout  the  organism. 
This  reaction  throughout  the  organism  results 
in  a  conscious  recognition  of  the  cause  which 
prompted  the  unrest,  and  hence  through  this 
closer  scrutiny  each  organ  sees  its  true 
relationship  to  the  new  organ,  and  new 
light  is  shed  at  the  same  time  upon  the 
neighbor.  The  new  organ  in  turn  discovers 
its  own  power,  and  thus  the  whole  is  en- 
lightened and  better  enabled  to  interact  with 
outward  forces. 

The  evolution  of  a  new  organ  into  conscious 
form  is  distinguished  by  a  universal  reaction 
throughout  the  organism.  This  reaction  has 
been  brought  about  step  by  step,  and  so  in 
conformity  with  the  demands  made  by  the 
environment,  that  a  true  understanding 


60  Human  Nature 

has  not  been  reached,  which  will  allow  a 
clear  relationship  to  establish  itself  between 
the  old  and  the  new,  and  hence  of  the  union 
to  the  environment.  The  reaction  forces 
the  reality  to  establish  itself  so  that  harmony 
may  reign  supreme  throughout  the  whole. 
It  is  this  reaction  which  has  so  held  the 
attention  of  human  nature  during  the  ages 
through  the  multitudinous  examples,  and 
forced  the  belief  into  conscious  form  that  a 
new  organ  came  into  existence  in  a  moment. 
It  is  thus  that  human  nature  secured  proof 
for  the  miracle,  and  also  for  generation. 
Any  new  organ  before  being  consciously 
recognized  will  have  been  in  existence  a  long 
time  and  called  for  excessive  use  to  bring 
about  its  recognition,  thus  enabling  it  at  last 
to  assume  its  proper  place. 

The  laws  of  evolution  thus  disclose  the 
methods  adopted  by  all  life  during  growth, 
showing  how  natural  checks  are  raised  which 
prevent  corporate  interests  from  being  car- 
ried too  far. 

The  growth  of  humanity  and  the  environ- 
ment being  ever  more  productive  of  good, 
all  laws  conforming  with  the  dictates  of  this 
development  must  lead  towards  the  same 
goal. 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    61 

All  the  religions  of  the  world  have  been 
embodied  in  laws  which  were  suited  to  the 
comprehension  of  the  body  politic  and 
tended  towards  the  furtherance  of  happiness. 

Science  as  a  director  of  forces  clothed  in 
laws  has  ever  tended  towards  discovering  for 
man  his  place  in  nature  through  compelling 
him  to  scrutinize  nature  with  greater  care. 

The  gradual  evolution  of  moral  suasion 
in  the  world  found  conscious  form  in  the 
spirit  or  soul,  whose  nature  and  origin  are 
divine. 

The  beauty  and  wonder  of  the  spirit  ap- 
peared so  incomprehensible  and  unfathom- 
able that  human  nature  was  forced  to  care  in 
some  special  way  for  that  which  embodied 
such  vast  wealth.  Hence  a  future  state  was 
conceived  which  would  offer  beauty  and  peace 
as  the  final  reward  for  all  honest  struggle. 

The  advent  of  a  future  state  at  once  set  on 
foot  a  tendency  towards  the  working  out  of  a 
great  democratic  ideal  on  earth  which  should 
care  for  those  who  struggled  and  so  make  the 
future  assured. 

This  future  harbor  of  peace  was  possible  of 
attainment  by  all  through  diligent  struggle, 
and  the  body  was  no  deterrent.  It  was  sin 
which  would  prevent  the  spirit  from  reaching 


62  Human  Nature 

its  ideal,  hence  if  this  spirit  were  born  pos- 
sessed of  sin  there  would  not  be  given  the  equal 
opportunity  to  all  of  reaching  the  haven  at 
the  end  of  life's  journey,  and  one  would  have 
an  advantage  over  another.  The  spirit 
being  considered  omnipotent  it  was  neces- 
sarily conceived  as  entering  this  world  free  of 
sin  that  all  human  nature  might  start  un- 
fettered in  its  struggle  to  rise. 

The  gradual  development  of  the  soul  into 
conscious  recognition  forced  two  great  demo- 
cratic principles  into  prominence.  The  one 
made  it  plain  that  the  ultimate  and  final 
reward  was  the  same  for  all  who  conformed 
to  certain  prescribed  laws.  The  other  de- 
clared that  the  commencement  of  life  was 
identical  for  the  spirit  or  soul  of  all. 

The  two  great  democratic  principles  have 
been  accumulating  power  through  the  ages, 
ever  seeking  to  make  human  nature  more 
assured  of  the  hereafter  through  enabling  the 
use  of  given  talents  to  the  best  advantage, 
and  ever  seeking  to  make  earthly  happiness 
assured  that  the  future  might  thereby  be 
cared  for.  These  two  moving  forces  have 
during  the  ages  been  leading  towards  the 
promotion  of  interests  which  would  bring 
about  equality  so  that  the  present  and 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    63 

future  might  be  assured  to  all.  It  thus  be- 
comes plain  why  the  human  spirit  was 
conceived  as  being  born  into  this  world  free 
of  sin. 

Evolution  says  there  are  three  factors  which 
permit  of  the  existence  of  the  force  human 
nature:  the  union  of  the  two  elements, which 
comprise  the  force,  and  the  environment  or 
parent  furnishing  the  nourishment,  the  one 
set  of  molecules  ever  seeking  to  care  for  the 
future,  with  an  accompanying  desire  to  har- 
bor that  which  the  environment  offers,  and 
so  increase  the  potentiality  of  the  force. 
The  elements  possessing  the  greater  amount 
of  constructive  force  having  secured  the 
upper  hand  during  growth  allow  a  clearer 
relationship,  as  maturity  approaches,  to 
establish  itself  between  the  two  tendencies, 
so  that  eventually  each  becomes  lost  in  seek- 
ing a  common  goal  which  has  been  discovered. 
The  weaker  tendency,  or  that  which  would 
have  regard  but  for  to-day,  has  been  com- 
pelled to  recognize  the  superiority  of  that 
which  would  care  for  the  future  and  through 
united  action  seek  to  care  for  the  good  of  the 
whole.  The  two  tendencies  must  of  neces- 
sity always  exist,  because  if  there  were  no 
opposition  to  that  which  would  have  regard 


64  Human  Nature 

for  the  future  the  present  would  become 
neglected,  just  as  the  future  would  be  lost 
sight  of  if  too  much  regard  were  given  to 
the  present.  Thus  neither  tendency  can  be 
altogether  satisfied,  and  progress  will  be  in 
proportion  to  the  willingness  of  both  to  give 
away  when  the  advance  of  the  whole  is  at 
stake. 

When  both  forces  within  human  nature 
are  working  in  harmony  and  justice  reigns, 
one  part  of  the  union  holds  in  check  certain 
tendencies  that  the  other  part  would  carry  to 
extremes;  thus  through  interaction  between 
the  two  forces  justice  is  evolved  and  progress 
results.  In  proportion  as  the  union  is  enabled 
to  recognize  the  justice  of  nature's  laws,  so 
will  they  be  adopted  as  the  basic  principles 
for  action. 

Human  nature  at  periods  falls  in  more 
closely  with  nature's  laws  and  progresses, 
at  other  times  departs  from  nature's  laws  and 
so  brings  about  discord. 

Evolution  is  ever  making  plain  that  the 
expression  of  individuality  demands  con- 
firmation with  nature's  laws  in  excess  of 
negation,  and  that  for  human  nature  to 
increase  her  potentiality  there  must  be  ef- 
fected a  preponderating  tendency  towards 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    65 

the  adoption  of  the  laws  laid  down  by 
evolution. 

Human  nature,  which  is  the  result  of  ages 
of  interaction  between  herself  and  an  ever 
changing  environment,  has  called  for  much 
conformity  and  non-conformity  with  Nature's 
laws,  but,  taking  into  consideration  long  dura- 
tions of  time,  always  a  preponderance  of  con- 
formity because  civilization  has  advanced. 

Conditions  are  ever  making  more  plain 
the  need  of  toleration,  which  is  the  compan- 
ion of  the  broader  democratic  spirit,  so  that 
the  troubles  of  the  day  and  age  may  be 
faced.  Toleration  is  the  force  residing  within 
human  nature,  enabling  the  past,  present,  and 
future  to  unite  in  rendering  a  decision  as 
regards  the  matter  in  hand.  Memory  and 
imagination,  each  of  which  is  so  dependent 
one  on  the  other,  are  of  course  called  upon 
for  aid  in  this  crisis,  and  as  each  has  been 
accumulating  ever  more  force  during  the 
ages  the  time  has  come  when  this  stored-up 
energy  should  be  used  in  the  most  construc- 
tive way  if  toleration  is  to  become  the  ruling 
factor  at  this  time  and  during  the  ages  of 
peace  which  are  to  follow. 

The  inability  on  the  part  of  human  nature 
to  control  her  corporate  interests  so  that 

5 


66  Human  Nature 

they  might  be  prevented  from  overstepping 
the  mark  forces  into  consciousness  the 
reality  that  humanity  has  been  passing 
through  her  infantile,  childish,  and  youthful 
periods,  and  that  this  world-wide  reaction 
is  an  individual  claim  on  her  part  for  con- 
scious recognition  of  the  reality  that  she  is 
full  grown  and  should  be  allowed  to  assume 
the  responsibilities  that  that  stage  in  develop- 
ment calls  for;  that  with  a  conscious  recog- 
nition of  the  kinship  existing  between  all  force 
harmonious  action  may  be  brought  about 
which  will  lead  to  progress  throughout  the 
world. 

Human  nature  is  distinguished  at  the  pres- 
ent time  by  various  bodies  of  people  whose 
beliefs  and  customs  are  in  a  very  dissimilar 
state  of  development.  These  beliefs  and 
customs,  however,  are  suitable  to  care  for 
the  human  nature  which  is  in  that  stage  of 
development,  and  therefore  demand  respect. 

The  realization  is  borne  in  upon  human 
nature  that  this  variety  of  beliefs  and  customs 
is  due  in  great  measure  to  climate;  that 
certain  climates  foster  greater  vitality  and 
more  rapid  growth  than  others.  One  climate 
may  not  possibly  be  able  to  nourish  the 
vitality  which  a  more  favorable  climate 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    67 

would  call  forth.  Hence  to  force  the  ideal 
of  one  climate  on  a  climate  which  cannot 
possibly  find  the  means  for  supporting  such 
vitality  gradually  leads  to  a  state  of  waste 
in  both  climates,  the  vitality  of  the  more 
favorable  climate  being  used  up  through 
expending  its  energy  on  a  hopeless  task. 
Thus  human  nature  is  having  borne  in  upon 
her  the  reality  that  rapid  progress  leads  to 
great  waste;  slow  progress  leads  to  con- 
servation. Slow  progress  calls  for  theory 
and  practice  proceeding  hand  in  hand  to  a 
full  degree,  or  the  teaching  of  others  to  teach 
themselves;  rapid  progress  calls  for  the  teach- 
ing of  others. 

Human  nature  that  has  customs  and  beliefs 
ages  in  advance  of  another  people  is  not 
fitted  to  teach  this  undeveloped  civilization 
to  progress  slowly,  because  the  highly  de- 
veloped human  nature  demands  such  rapid 
progress  that  vast  waste  ultimately  results. 

That  human  nature  in  a  lower  stage  of 
development  may  profit  from  the  example 
of  the  higher  stages  slow  progress  toward 
the  higher  ideal  is  called  for,  which  will  allow 
the  nervous  system  to  discover  reality  in  the 
environment,  and  through  being  forced  to 
meet  the  reality  gradually  develop  the 


68  Human  Nature 

nervous  system  and  in  turn  the  great  centers, 
the  brain  and  the  spinal  cord.  This  slow 
development  calls  for  the  rising  of  the 
stronger  man  from  out  of  the  ranks  of  this 
lower  stage  of  civilization,  and  through  force 
of  example  joined  to  the  desire  that  all  should 
progress  gradually  leads  them  on  to  a  stage 
of  development  in  advance  of  that  which 
they  know,  this  strong  man  not  seeking  to 
reach  the  highest  stage  of  civilization  in  a  life- 
time. Then  again  this  stronger  man  is  not 
acquainted  with  the  highest  form  of  civiliza- 
tion because  he  could  not  possibly  have  a 
nervous  system  that  would  react  truly  to  the 
demands  made  by  the  higher  stage  of  develop- 
ment. This  stronger  man  slightly  in  advance 
of  his  fellow-men  incites  a  comprehensible 
degree  of  emulation,  and  he  in  turn  finds 
the  approbation  of  his  fellow-men  sufficient 
recompense  for  the  effort  expended.  The 
mother  who  is  so  bound  up  in  her  child,  out 
of  regard  for  the  child's  future  well-being,  and 
hence  her  own  well-being,  is  willing  to  exer- 
cise unlimited  patience  in  gradually  allowing 
the  individuality  of  the  child  to  develop. 

Slow  progress  has  for  its  companion  con- 
tentment and  harmony;  rapid  advance  entails 
waste  and  discovers  fewer  stages  of  content- 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    69 

ment,  for  the  continual  seeking  of  a  goal  so 
far  in  advance  of  the  nervous  system  leads 
to  artificiality  and  a  gradual  breaking  away 
from  nature's  laws. 

Human  nature  accepts  with  gladness  and 
benefit  that  which  is  compatible  with  its 
power  of  assimilation.  Nourishment  offered 
regardless  of  age  has  little  reality,  therefore 
is  theory  and  is  bound  to  lead  to  waste  in  the 
long  run. 

Human  nature  is  ever  learning  that  theory 
and  practice  need  to  go  hand  in  hand  as  far 
as  possible  in  order  that  the  reality  evolved 
may  establish  ever  new  vantage  points  from 
which  to  make  another  start. 

The  child  inheriting  in  embryo  a  highly 
developed  nervous  system  passes  during 
the  growth  through  all  the  bygone  stages  of 
civilization.  So  rapid  is  this  transition  and 
so  changed  is  the  environment  that  the  par- 
ent distinguishes  little  relationship  between 
this  growth  and  the  growth  of  the  human 
race.  Recognition  of  this  passage  of  the 
infant  through  the  different  stages  of  develop- 
ment of  the  human  race  will  give  an  entirely 
new  incentive  to  the  desire  on  the  part  of  the 
parent  to  understand  the  past,  for  there  will 
be  found  practical  application  of  this  under- 


70  Human  Nature 

standing  in  the  home  and  in  the  state.  The 
highly  developed  nervous  system  which  in  its 
embryo  state  lies  comparatively  dormant 
calls  for  proper  interaction  with  ever  changing 
outward  forces  that  the  different  organs 
may  develop.  Some  organs  in  the  system 
must  in  infancy  be  stronger  than  others,  and 
just  as  the  weaker  must  not  be  allowed  to  gain 
control,  so  in  turn  must  a  check  be  held 
over  those  which  would  secure  too  much 
sustenance. 

The  province  of  education  is  to  seek  to  lead 
the  child  to  develop  the  faculties  in  the  order 
followed  out  by  human  nature  in  her  rise 
through  the  ages.  Education  through  natu- 
ral checks  or  the  directing  of  interests  into 
new  channels  prevents  the  child  from  calling 
in  bitter  experience  as  a  guide  to  discovery, 
as  was  found  necessary  when  considering 
human  nature  as  a  whole.  Some  of  the 
organs  in  a  highly  developed  nervous  system 
must  be  somewhat  weaker  than  their  neigh- 
bors, and  hence  call  for  extra  exercise  and 
nourishment  that  the  whole  may  advance. 

Human  nature  must  recognize,  if  justice 
is  to  be  the  ruling  factor  in  life,  that  the 
highly  developed  nervous  system  is  not  the 
work  of  a  day,  but  is  the  result  of  ages  of 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    71 

struggle  in  which  success  has  been  the  key- 
note. 

With  the  advance  in  civilization  man's 
interests  take  into  consideration  larger  and 
larger  fields  of  action,  and  he  in  turn  being 
forced  to  have  regard  for  a  more  extended 
whole  so  shapes  his  actions  that  they  will 
have  regard  for  this  change. 

Survival  of  the  fittest,  has  been  long 
recognized  as  the  dominating  law  in  the  ani- 
mal kingdom.  This  law  has  not,  however, 
been  consciously  recognized  as  governing  the 
spiritual  world,  because  human  nature  has 
so  closely  associated  physical  force  with  it 
that  she  was  unwilling  to  recognize  the 
dependence  of  the  one  on  the  other. 

Progress  throughout  the  ages  has  called 
for  the  general  development  of  moral  and 
physical  force,  one  being  dependent  on  the 
other  for  growth.  Thus  the  survival  of  the 
fittest  in  the  struggle  for  human  existence  has 
ever  been  calling  to  the  front  that  people 
whose  laws  were  best  adapted  for  advancing 
the  interests  of  physical  and  moral  well- 
being  through  the  continually  holding  in 
mind  of  a  common  goal,  and  thus  erecting 
a  stronghold  which  would  prevent  a  state  of 
growing  antagonism  to  exist  between  the  two. 


72  Human  Nature 

Considered  from  an  evolutionary  point  of 
view,  the  survival  of  the  fittest  is  compatible 
with  the  desire  for  the  expression  of  individu- 
ality and  the  striving  towards  a  goal  of  good. 

Evolution  makes  the  demand  through 
necessity  that  human  nature  seek  the  good  if 
she  would  grow.  Change  in  the  conditions 
of  the  environment  lead  to  change  in  the 
demands  made  by  necessity. 

Religion  through  definitely  formulated 
laws  explains  the  results  taking  place  through 
interaction  between  forces  garbed  in  the 
clothing  of  human  nature.  Matter  or  force 
in  a  concentrated  and  unconscious  state  was 
to  a  great  extent  exterior  to  the  field  con- 
sidered by  Religion. 

Science  through  definitely  formulated  laws 
has  gradually  uncovered  new  existing  relation- 
ships between  forces  active  in  the  universe. 

If  Religion  could  be  brought  into  the  realm 
of  matter  there  would  then  arise  some  ground 
which  would  enable  comparisons  to  be  made 
between  the  laws  of  Religion  and  the  laws  of 
Science.  Religion  couches  her  force  in  the 
form  of  soul  which  she  considers  outside  the 
realm  of  matter. 

If  the  soul  could  be  brought  into  the  realm 
of  matter  and  force,  and  it  could  be  shown 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    73 

that  the  soul  is  the  result  of  the  interaction 
taking  place  between  force  and  matter  during 
the  ages,  then  the  grounds  enabling  of  com- 
parison would  be  furnished  and  the  soul 
would  fall  under  the  laws  of  evolution. 

Consciousness  during  its  earlier  stages  is 
the  development  of  feeling  in  nerve  fibers  to  a 
degree  which  calls  for  some  form  of  expres- 
sion, and  this  expression  was  eventually  found 
through  contraction  of  some  part  of  the  organ- 
ism. This  contraction  repeated  throughout 
generations  gradually  established  memory 
in  the  feelings,  which  allowed  some  form  of 
relationship  to  grow  up  between  the  external 
stimuli,  the  seat  receiving  the  stimulus, 
and  the  part  which  reacts.  The  nerve  center 
or  ganglion,  which  holds  accumulated  force  in 
concentrated  form,  is  the  seat  of  the  memory. 

Muscles  gradually  develop  in  the  animal 
kingdom  which  allow  of  fuller  control  of  the 
body.  In  proportion  to  the  amount  of  feeling 
conveyed  to  the  ganglion  does  it  exercise  its 
power  and  bring  about  a  greater  or  less  con- 
traction of  the  muscle.  Hence  through 
constant  exercise  a  ganglion  becomes  able  to 
distinguish  to  an  ever  finer  degree  how  much 
power  to  set  free.  Thus  is  to  be  found  within 
the  ganglion  the  embryo  of  the  human  brain. 


74  Human  Nature 

A  ganglion  gradually  becomes  able  to  weigh 
the  feelings  brought  to  it  over  nerve  fibers 
and  tell  what  reaction  should  be  brought 
about,  and  here  is  to  be  seen  the  first  glimmer- 
ing of  an  understanding  of  object  or  external 
stimuli  by  subject  or  ganglion,  this  being 
the  result  of  ages  of  interaction  between  force 
and  matter. 

The  next  step  in  the  advance  of  memory  is 
seen  when  two  ganglion  centers  possessing 
an  innate  desire  to  conserve  energy,  and 
with  like  seeking  like,  recognize  a  feeling 
of  kinship  and  draw  together.  Thus  a 
common  center  becomes  endowed  with 
sufficient  power  to  respond  to  the  external 
stimuli,  affecting,  we  will  say,  either  the 
seat  of  the  sense  hearing  or  seeing. 

Ages  must  have  gone  by  before  memory 
within  the  ganglion  center,  connecting  say 
the  seat  of  the  sense  hearing  with  the  muscles, 
in  the  leg,  and  the  seat  of  the  sense  seeing 
with  muscles  in  the  leg,  discovered  that  the 
movement  of  the  leg  was  done  the  same 
under  all  conditions  by  the  producing  of 
greater  or  less  tension  of  the  muscle  in 
response  to  external  stimuli;  also  that  the 
nerve  pulses  sent  out  from  the  two  ganglion 
centers  to  affect  the  two  muscles  in  the  leg 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    75 

were  the  means  of  generating  feelings  of  a 
like  nature.  Thus  in  time  the  two  ganglion 
centers  recognizing  this  relationship  in  feeling 
would  naturally  draw  together  and  seek  a 
common  center,  which  would  do  away  with 
one  line  of  efferent  nerve  fibers.  Thus  the 
next  step  in  consciousness  and  memory  is  the 
power  acquired  within  ganglion  centers  of 
being  able  to  distinguish  a  relationship  be- 
tween feelings. 

Seeing  and  hearing  having  discovered  a 
common  ganglion  center,  there  must  have 
taken  place  an  increased  power  of  memory 
through  this  union.  The  common  ganglion 
has  in  accepting  the  responsibility  of  respond- 
ing properly  to  the  senses  of  hearing  and 
seeing  acknowledged  an  understanding  of 
the  feelings  generated  by  the  external  stimuli 
effecting  hearing  and  seeing,  hence  possesses 
memory  and  some  understanding  as  regards 
the  objects  which  generate  these  feelings. 
Thus  one  ganglion  is  entrusted  with  the 
knowledge  of  two  and  with  a  greater  power  of 
conserving  energy. 

As  the  nervous  system  becomes  more 
complex  and  feelings  are  increased  due  to 
the  necessary  reactions,  the  organism  is 
forced  to  react  to  an  ever  increasing  number 


76  Human  Nature 

of  stimuli  in  an  ever  greater  variety  of  ways. 
Relationships  between  these  feelings  grow 
with  the  increase  of  feeling,  and  a  common 
center  is  ever  more  sought,  and  memory  is 
constantly  promoted. 

Memory  commences  to  evolve  into  con- 
scious form  when  the  relationship  existing 
between  feelings  becomes  expressible  in  some 
form  of  muscular  action  that  can  be  recog- 
nized by  some  other  member  of  the  same 
family  in  the  organic  world.  Feeling  and  mus- 
cular action,  through  long  ages  of  association 
together,  gradually  establish  such  a  close  rela- 
tionship within  the  body  of  a  member  of  a 
family  that  when  the  muscular  action  takes 
place  in  the  body  of  a  neighbor  this  muscular 
action  on  the  part  of  the  neighbor  generates 
the  corresponding  associated  feeling  within 
the  body  of  the  spectator. 

This  memory  residing  within  feeling  is 
clearly  shown  in  the  dog  running  away  in 
fright  from  his  colleague,  who  has  been  hurt 
and  is  yelping  from  pain. 

The  animal  kingdom  in  its  higher  stages  of 
development  calls  for  an  ever  more  complex 
nervous  system,  which  in  turn  necessitates 
a  greater  number  of  reactions  to  a  greater 
number  of  stimuli.  The  feelings  generated 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    77 

within  a  growing  nervous  system  are  ever 
on  the  increase,  and  the  relationship  between 
the  feelings  in  ever  becoming  clearer  promotes 
the  growth  of  memory. 

With  the  growth  of  memory  there  arises 
the  necessity  for  expressing  one  of  two  feel- 
ings. When  the  nervous  system  has  arrived 
at  that  stage  of  development  in  which  reflex 
action  becomes  possible  then  the  expression 
of  one  feeling,  or  reflex  action,  permits  of  the 
survival  of  the  organism. 

Gradual  development  in  the  animal  king- 
dom leads  to  a  muscular  action  being  caused 
which  has  regard  for  two  or  more  feelings  and 
allows  of  a  similar  organism  weighing  the 
feeling  generated  in  its  own  body  by  its  neigh- 
bor's reflex  action,  and  thus  permitting  it  to 
react  in  a  similar  way,  in  union  with  its 
neighbor,  to  a  similar  outward  stimulus. 

Memory  is  a  register  of  feelings  which 
in  the  higher  developed  nervous  systems 
become  expressible  through  some  muscular 
action  which  necessitates  the  comparison  of 
one  feeling  with  another. 

Feelings  generated  through  variety  of 
experience  gradually  find  a  dominating  feeling 
to  exist,  this  dominating  feeling  being  indica- 
tive of  the  relationship  existing  between  the 


78  Human  Nature 

two  distinct  forces  working  within  every 
human  being.  In  proportion  as  the  feelings 
become  stronger  and  so  add  to  the  strength  of 
the  dominating  feeling  or  spirit,  there  is  a 
growing  tendency  for  action  to  be  prompted 
in  the  main  by  the  dominating  feeling. 

A  constructive  feeling  becomes  dominating 
in  an  organism  only  when  the  channels  of 
feeling  which  combine  to  make  up  the  main 
one  have  gradually  established  to  a  degree 
a  harmonious  understanding  among  them- 
selves, which  enables  the  good  of  the  whole 
to  be  continuously  held  in  mind,  and  offers 
a  check  to  too  much  thought  being  given 
to  self  or  the  present. 

Freedom  of  action  depends  upon  freedom 
of  feeling,  and  with  a  greater  amount  of 
feeling  goes  the  possibility  of  a  greater 
expression  of  that  feeling  in  a  constructive 
way.  Thus  will  power,  character,  bravery, 
sense  of  justice,  etc.,  all  spring  from  that 
dominating  feeling  which  controls  life. 

The  superior  memory  which  man  has 
acquired  through  ever  increasing  interaction 
with  ever  increasing  forces  has  carried  him 
into  a  kingdom  very  distinct  from  the  animal 
world.  Thus  memory  has  been  built  up 
through  certain  feelings  having  become  asso- 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    79 

elated  with  certain  muscular  actions.  This 
muscular  action  gradually  acquired  an  under- 
standing in  the  memory  of  the  feelings  of 
the  same  species,  the  close  association  be- 
tween feeling  and  muscular  action  forcing 
the  one  to  become  ever  more  a  part  of  the 
other. 

Muscular  action  in  response  to  feeling 
gradually  finds  in  man  a  fuller  outlet  through 
speech. 

Speech  being  discovered  to  lead  to  a 
greater  conservative  interaction  with  the 
environment,  all  interests  gradually  become 
concentrated  on  the  development  of  a  new 
organ,  which  could  be  used  by  each  separate 
organ  as  necessity  demanded.  Thus  for 
ages  the  development  of  language  became  a 
dominating  and  ruling  interest. 

The  question  arises  as  to  how  speech 
became  so  highly  a  developed  function  with 
man  and  so  slightly  developed  in  the  rest  of 
the  animal  kingdom.  In  answering  this  ques- 
tion it  becomes  necessary  to  have  recourse 
to  the  natural  law  governing  the  genera- 
tion of  any  new  organ  in  an  organism. 

We  will  consider  some  member  of  the 
monkey  family  to  have  been  a  possible  ances- 
tor of  man,  although  this  is  very  difficult  to 


8o  Human  Nature 

determine,  as  so  many  ages  have  elapsed 
since  the  tendency  towards  a  fuller^develop- 
ment  of  speech  secured  the  upper  hand  in 
man  and  marked  a  divergent  state  to  which 
each  would  become  less  and  less  related  as 
time  went  on. 

The  present  monkey  family  is  character- 
ized by  the  variety  of  actions  performed,  and 
this  of  necessity  calls  for  a  complex  nervous 
system.  Just  as  one  human  being  having 
vitality  in  excess  of  his  neighbor  attacks  new 
outward  forces,  which  procedure  leading 
to  discovery  better  enables  him  and  all  his 
kin  to  live,  so  some  organ  in  an  organism  is 
bound  to  be  favored  with  excessive  vitality, 
hence  in  performing  more  work  than  its  pre- 
decessor it  is  bound  to  meet  new  conditions  in 
the  ever  changing  environment,  and  there- 
fore it  is  bound  to  make  some  discovery 
which  will  better  enable  it  to  carry  out  its 
duty.  A  discovery  through  which  one  organ 
profited  would  indirectly  be  beneficial  to 
the  whole,  and  thus  the  whole,  gradually 
taking  ever  more  interest  in  the  new  and 
furnishing  increasing  nourishment,  would 
be  forced  to  increase  the  interest,  because 
the  demand  for  nourishment  on  the  part  of 
the  new  would  be  continually  growing.  At 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    81 

last  the  new  would  become  sufficiently 
developed  to  care  to  a  greater  degree  for 
itself,  and  so  would  be  forced  to  separate 
from  the  parent,  the  parent  refusing  any 
longer  to  furnish  so  much  nourishment.  The 
new  thus  becomes  an  instrument  which  the 
whole  can  use,  and  at  the  same  time  makes 
ever  more  special  the  functions  of  the  other 
organs. 

The  monkey  with  its  highly  developed 
nervous  system  would  be  a  very  likely  mem- 
ber of  the  animal  kingdom,  enabling  one 
organ  through  excessive  vitality  to  discover 
the  advantage  to  be  derived  from  expressing 
feeling  through  muscular  action  that  would 
produce  sound.  This  discovery,  taking  unto 
itself  increased  interest  and  setting  on  foot 
a  tendency  towards  the  development  of  a 
specialized  organ  of  speech,  would  be  a  very 
natural  point  at  which  man  and  the  monkey 
family  might  diverge* 

A  new  organ  could  never  develop  unless 
there  was  a  general  growth  throughout  the 
organism  as  a  whole  which  allowed  one  organ 
to  have  greater  vitality  than  the  others,  but 
not  such  an  increased  amount  as  would 
weaken  the  whole.  This  extra  amount  of 
vitality  would  permit  of  discovery  through  a, 


82  Human  Nature 

greater  amount  of  interaction  taking  place 
between  it  and  the  environment.  When 
too  much  vitality  is  sapped  from  the  whole 
to  foster  discovery,  reaction  takes  place,  due 
to  a  general  growing  depletion  throughout 
the  organism. 

A  fully  developed  organ  at  different  periods 
and  under  changed  conditions  finds  itself  of 
less  use,  and  hence  in  time  a  tendency  will 
grow  up  throughout  the  organism  which 
would  seek  to  do  away  with  this  organ  which 
has  become  rudimentary.  First  one  organ 
in  an  organism  which  has  gradually  grown 
weaker  through  having  nourishment  sapped 
from  it  to  support  an  organ  which  was  no 
longer  caring  for  itself,  seeks  to  separate 
itself  entirely  from  this  parasitic  organ.  The 
one  organ  that  has  been  detrimentally 
affected  through  numerous  succeeding  genera- 
tions gradually  grows  weak  in  turn,  thus 
bringing  about  a  double  drain  on  the  whole. 
This  weakened  organ  at  last  realizing  fully 
the  cause  which  has  led  to  its  depleted 
state  summons  up  enough  energy  to  make  a 
desperate  effort  to  free  itself  from  the  perse- 
cutor, having  by  this  time  secured  the  sym- 
pathy of  some  of  the  older  organs,  because 
they  have  been  feeling  more  directly  the 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force    83 

effect  of  the  parasite,  and  had  noticed  what 
the  parasite  was  doing  to  their  fellow  worker. 
The  down-trodden  organ  securing  enough 
strength  to  rebel  severs  all  connection  with 
the  parasite.  Some  of  the  older  organs  are  so 
pleased  at  this  victory  that  they  furnish  more 
nourishment  to  that  organ  which  had  been 
weakened,  with  the  result  that  the  weakened 
organ  becomes  unusually  strong  and  the 
chief  mover  in  the  driving  out  of  the  parasite. 
The  stronger  organ  ever  becomes  stronger,  for 
no  longer  tormented  by  the  parasite  it  is 
enabled  to  prove  more  clearly  than  any  of  the 
other  organs  how  much  better  it  can  survive 
under  the  new  conditions.  Thus  the  stronger 
organ  gradually  takes  unto  itself  increas- 
ing interest  with  the  accompanying  increasing 
nourishment.  A  tendency  or  corporate  inter- 
est thus  grows,  which  would  drive  out  the 
parasite  by  degrees.  One  organ  after  another 
severs  its  connection  with  the  parasite,  and 
with  the  opposing  forces  becoming  ever 
stronger  the  parasite  is  able  to  secure  less  and 
less  nourishment.  At  last  the  parasite  is 
drawing  nourishment  from  but  one  organ, 
this  being  the  oldest  organ  in  the  body,  which 
naturally  has  the  greatest  sympathy  and 
cannot  realize  as  well  as  the  younger  organs 


84  Human  Nature 

the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  the  changed 
conditions. 

The  one  oldest  organ  and  the  parasite 
grow  weaker  and  weaker  together,  but  the 
one  old  organ  is  of  vital  importance  to  the 
life  of  the  whole  organism,  and  through  its 
weakness  is  bringing  about  a  condition 
prompting  reaction  throughout  the  whole 
organism.  This  reaction  compels  the  old 
organ  to  give  more  consideration  to  the 
newer  organs  which  have  so  profited  through 
separation  from  the  parasite,  and  at  last  the 
old  organ,  being  compelled  to  see  the  justice 
of  the  claims  made  by  the  younger  organs,  the 
younger  organs  being  able  to  offer  such  a  host 
of  examples,  becomes  willing  to  sever  its 
connection  with  the  parasite,  and  with  a 
general  reaction  throughout  the  whole  all 
forces  are  directed  against  the  parasite  which, 
being  unable  to  secure  nourishment,  dis- 
appears and  a  condition  of  harmony  is 
restored. 

If  an  organism  has  but  few  organs  in  its 
body  there  can  take  place  but  few  feelings, 
and  it  is  unnecessary  that  those  feelings 
should  find  expression  in  order  that  the 
animal  should  react  to  outer  stimuli  in  a 
conservative  manner.  For  if  there  are  but 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force  85 

few  feelings  which  can  take  place  there  can  be 
very  little  change  that  those  feelings  can  re- 
quire for  life  to  progress,  because  the  feelings 
would  be  so  limited  in  their  relationship. 

Thus  the  higher  developed  the  nervous 
system,  the  greater  the  necessity  makes 
itself  felt  for  some  way  of  expressing  that 
feeling  which  will  receive  recognition  in  the 
outer  world,  recognition  of  this  feeling  in 
the  outer  world  enabling  of  cooperation  in 
the  accomplishment  of  a  common  purpose. 

The  growth  of  the  nervous  system  through- 
out the  animal  kingdom  is  accompanied  by  a 
growing  need  on  the  part  of  each  organ  for 
expressing  through  muscular  action  its  func- 
tion; thus  there  grew  up  a  preponderating 
ruling  call  for  some  organ  that  would  produce 
sound.  Under  this  dominating  influence,  one 
organ  in  the  body  favored  with  an  especially 
great  amount  of  vitality,  which  in  turn 
led  to  an  excessive  interaction  between  it  and 
the  environment,  discovered  that  sound  was 
beneficial  in  the  struggle.  It  would  be 
given  to  one  of  the  newer  organs  which  had 
an  excessive  amount  of  vitality  to  discover 
the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  sound. 
This  extra  amount  of  vitality  would  en- 
able the  advantage  to  be  gradually  forced 


86  Human  Nature 

upon  the  recognition  of  the  older  organs 
through  the  tangible  examples  of  its  useful- 
ness. A  closer  relationship  would  spring  up  be- 
tween the  organs  which  had  adopted  the  new 
means  of  protection  in  the  struggle  for  exist- 
ence, and  thus  in  time  language  would  evolve 
as  the  function  of  the  new  organ,  and  would 
become  the  greatest  factor  enabling  of  the 
survival  of  the  fittest  in  the  struggle  for 
existence. 

With  feelings  ever  increasing  in  complexity, 
accompanied  by  the  growing  necessity  for  a 
common  means  of  expression,  speech  was 
forced  into  existence. 

Consciousness  is  thus  a  gradual  evolution, 
first  finding  entrance  into  life  when  feeling 
became  expressible  through  muscular  action 
that  would  convey  to  another  animal  of 
like  nature  some  understanding  as  regards 
the  feeling  that  was  finding  expression. 
Highest  consciousness  is  found  in  the  truest 
portrayal  of  feeling,  necessitating  not  merely 
memory  of  facts,  but  comprehension  of  the 
causes  which  led  up  to  the  culmination  of  the 
movement  seen  in  the  fact.  Thus  conscious- 
ness and  subconsciousness  are  part  and 
parcel  of  the  same,  namely  feeling. 

Feeling  has  gradually  evolved  into  con- 


Law  Is  the  Director  of  Force  87 

sciousness  through  the  interaction  taking 
place  between  force  and  matter  or  force  and 
force.  Feeling  is  thus  the  result  of  ages  of 
interaction  between  force  and  matter  or  force 
and  force. 

Consciousness  considered  from  an  evolu- 
tionary point  of  view  thus  finds  expression  in 
terms  of  matter  and  motion. 

The  establishment  of  a  relationship  be- 
tween consciousness  and  matter  and  motion 
lifts  the  great  barricade  existing  between 
religion  and  science,  for  now  force  arjd 
matter  working  in  religion  are  comparable 
with  force  and  matter  working  in  science. 

With  Science  and  Religion  united  it  be- 
comes our  duty  to  see  what  the  union  can  do 
for  humanity. 


PART  II 

THE  SOUL 

THE  Soul  is  the  beauty  of  peace  which  has 
slowly  blossomed  into  being.  The  unfolding 
of  this  beauty  has  led  the  sunshine  to  pene- 
trate deeper  and  deeper  into  its  very  essence 
and  tinge  its  wonder  with  increasing  variety 
of  color. 

This  wealth  of  stored  up  sunshine  out  of  the 
ages  gives  forth  in  turn  a  divine  light,  which 
so  distinguishes  humanity  from  its  surround- 
ings, and  through  its  brilliancy  and  color 
so  bespeaks  noble  nature,  that  its  very  pres- 
ence forces  recognition  of  the  ways  which 
have  led  to  its  construction,  and  thus  instead 
of  needing  force  to  compel  its  recognition 
all  ways  would  seem  to  lead  through  interest, 
and  the  ways  in  turn  being  paved  by  this 
gladsome  feeling  would  cause  the  paths  to 
reflect  the  means  whereby  the  goal  was 
attained. 

That  the  Soul  might  continue  through  the 
ages  to  cast  a  light  upon  a  road  which  would 

88 


The  Soul  89 

lead  to  closer  communion  with  all  nature,  a 
sustaining  power  of  untold  wealth  was 
unearthed.  This  sustaining  power  is  found 
in  the  beauty  of  peace,  which  while  ever 
growing  in  splendor  has  been  attended  with 
an  increasing  difficulty  of  attainment.  Com- 
pensation has  thus  accompanied  the  greater 
amount  of  effort  put  forth. 

Ideals  have  prevented  human  nature  from 
ever  resting  satisfied. 

Even  the  beauty  of  peace  does  not  call 
for  rest,  but  rather  for  the  play  of  con- 
structive feelings  which  have  grown  so 
attractive  through  exercise  that  they  have 
forced  their  companions  who  would  disregard 
their  presence  to  exercise  toleration  and  join 
forces  in  the  seeking  of  a  common  goal,  the 
joining  of  forces  in  the  seeking  of  a  common 
goal  allowing  of  a  gradual  entry  into  a  limit- 
less realm  of  peace  and  beauty  in  which  the 
aspirations  are  buoyed  along  on  the  crests 
of  the  waves  of  an  endless  and  rolling  sea 
and  always  find  the  stored  up  sunshine  within 
reach  even  during  the  most  difficult  crises. 

This  ideal  harbor  or  good  of  the  whole, 
gradually  forcing  into  light  its  wondrous 
advantages,  leads  more  and  more  souls  to 
seek  its  waters  for  refuge. 


90  Human  Nature 

Struggle  has  forever  generated  within 
human  nature  feelings  which  led  to  the  dis- 
covery of  beauty.  Beauty  is  joy  bubbling  into 
life,  nourished  by  the  reflecting  rays  which 
the  object  of  adoration  casts  over  all  life. 

The  sea  which  has  been  the  sustaining 
power  of  a  people  and  nourished  them 
through  the  ages  binds  this  people  closer  and 
closer  to  its  very  being.  Endless  days  of 
patient  waiting  play  over  its  expanse,  seek- 
ing to  discover  the  course  of  the  ship  or  the 
course  of  the  friends  on  land.  When  the 
wind  and  waves  and  all  the  elements  are  in 
conflict,  do  not  the  stars  and  moon  and  sun, 
when  they  later  put  in  an  appearance,  seem 
to  have  some  prophetic  knowledge  and  thus 
become  a  solace  and  help  through  the  long 
hours  of  waiting? 

The  mariner  far  away  on  a  hazardous  voy- 
age is  continually  wafted  by  means  of  the 
stars  and  other  elements  of  nature  to  the 
completion  of  a  successful  passage  with  its 
ultimate  port  of  peace  and  happiness.  And 
does  not  this  port  make  the  whole  struggle 
worth  while? 

All  the  feelings  of  fear  which  have  been 
conquered  in  the  performance  of  duty  are 
lost  in  the  joy  of  the  ultimate  goal  or  return, 


The  Soul  91 

which  is  enshrouded  in  those  feelings  prompt- 
ed by  success  and  achievement.  Do  not  the 
winds  and  waves  and  stars  and  sun,  which 
have  continuously  mingled  their  influence 
with  the  strivings  and  longings  and  fears, 
suddenly  lose  their  oft  repeated  saddened 
aspect  on  the  return  to  the  harbor,  and  a 
tumultuous  joy,  which  overshadows  all,  tinge 
home,  stars,  ship,  in  fact  the  whole  world, 
with  the  beauty  of  peace? 

Wonder  there  is  none,  that  nature  has 
gradually  grown  up  through  the  ages  to  have 
a  beauty  of  peace  residing  within  her  that 
surpasses  all  understanding. 

Recognition  of  this  silent  power  within 
nature  reveals  the  capacity  of  the  individual 
soul  to  realize  the  wondrous  struggle  made 
by  humanity  to  climb  up  and  up  into  that 
boundless  expanse  of  freedom  and  light. 
Still  more,  when  the  individual  discovers  this 
silent  beauty  in  the  world,  does  it  not  signify 
that  he  or  she  has  made  a  gallant  struggle 
and  won?  For  otherwise  the  beauty  of  nature, 
which  is  the  evolution  of  contrast,  could 
never  have  evolved  as  truth.  Thus  beauty 
is  something  that  grows,  and  is  born  out  of 
struggle,  and  gives  to  life  the  bloom  which 
is  the  embodiment  of  happiness. 


92  Human  Nature 

Beauty  is  that  something  in  all  nature, 
human  and  inanimate,  towards  which  the 
soul  in  us  is  always  reaching  out,  in  its  effort 
to  grasp  the  meaning  of  life,  the  infinite. 
When  one  sees  the  exquisite  cloud  effects  of 
a  sunset,  the  serene  beauty  of  a  moonlight 
night,  the  wonder  of  the  snowclad  moun- 
tains, with  the  contrast  of  the  fertile  valleys 
green  with  verdure  and  blossoming  with 
flowers;  something  within  us  which  we  call 
the  soul  reaches  out  to  all  this  beauty,  long- 
ing to  make  it  our  very  own,  to  become  a  part 
of  it.  We  feel  that  all  that  is  most  lasting  in 
us,  most  ourselves,  goes  out  in  a  measureless 
desire  to  merge  itself  with  nature's  exquisite 
expression  of  herself. 

The  beauty  of  peace  has  ever  led  an 
increasing  number  of  ships  to  discover  the 
sanctity  of  this  harbor  and  to  seek  it  as  a 
resting  place  during  all  great  storms. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  harbors  which 
marks  the  coast  line  of  the  beauty  of  peace 
is  music,  which  allows  humanity  to  drift  out 
of  the  every  day  world  into  that  inner  life  or 
expression  of  the  soul.  The  music  master 
gathers  all  our  feelings  together,  causing 
them  to  enter  into  communion  with  his  own 
and  drift  towards  his  ideal  of  beauty.  And 


The  Soul  93 

is  it  not  wonderful  that  each  artist's  ideal 
is  dissimilar,  thus  offering  never  ending 
variety?  Art  discovers  ideals  which  hold 
the  attention  and  force  the  outside  world  to 
lose  its  power  of  holding  the  mind  to  strict 
proportions.  Art  allows  the  sum  total  of 
feeling  to  soar  in  an  endless  realm  of  wealth, 
which  is  the  reward  of  struggle. 

Let  human  nature  realize  fully  that  it  is 
the  power  of  the  ideal  which  enables  her  to 
rise. 

Ideals  are  the  embodiment  of  progress,  the 
harbor  of  refuge  for  the  soul.  In  fact  they 
are  the  soul  in  its  noblest  form,  giving  expres- 
sion to  the  beauty  of  peace,  to  that  longing  for 
the  fulfillment  of  its  noblest  aspirations. 

Ideals  look  far  into  the  future ;  they  picture 
laws  which  allow  the  developing  human 
nature  to  interact  with  the  environment 
in  a  more  harmonious  way.  Ideals  are  not 
the  mere  fancies  of  a  moment,  rather  are  they 
the  result  of  the  struggle  of  storm-tossed  souls 
to  express  their  feelings  concerning  the  world 
they  know  in  terms  of  a  world  that  the 
future  holds  in  store. 

An  ideal  is  the  embodiment  of  hope.  Hope 
has  been  ever  extending  its  territory  in  that 
it  has  been  giving  greater  opportunity  to  an 


94  Human  Nature 

increasing  number  of  people  to  come  closer  in 
touch  with  nature's  laws  and  therefore  in 
contact  with  that  growing  harmony  which 
has  been  gradually  taking  possession  of  the 
world. 

Recognition  of  ideals  entails  the  possession 
of  feelings  analogous  to  those  feelings  repre- 
sented. Ideals  represent  feelings  which  have 
found  some  outward  form  of  expression  and 
claim  the  appreciation  of  human  nature  in 
proportion  to  the  vividness  with  which  the 
feelings  portrayed  impress  their  reality. 
Hence  it  is  that  human  nature  enters  into 
direct  communion  with  ideals  which,  having 
formulated  her  own  feelings  into  laws,  enable 
her  to  work  along  with  conscious  laws,  rather 
than  feeling  which  has  not  reached  con- 
sciousness. 

Out  of  the  discovery  and  expression  of 
one's  innermost  feelings  does  one  learn  to 
know  oneself  and  so  develop  the  soul  or 
individuality. 

Ideals  are  the  outlet  to  the  very  best  that 
lies  within  the  soul  of  human  nature,  and 
become  most  radical  in  appearance  when 
they  seek  to  portray  a  future  which  is  clouded 
by  tendencies  or  corporate  interests  which 
have  overstepped  the  mark  and  brought 


The  Soul  95 

about  a  reign  of  injustice.  This  future  ideal 
receives  just  recognition  when  the  reign  of 
injustice  has  spent  human  vitality  to  a  degree 
which  forces  upon  humanity  the  desire  for 
peace,  and  thus  discovers  this  ideal  as  a 
means  to  the  end  desired.  The  ideal  thus 
pictures  laws  which  will  more  fully  care  for 
the  good  of  the  whole. 

A  test  of  the  vital  force  residing  within 
ideals  is  found  in  the  amount  of  effort  we  put 
forth  to  realize  them  during  life. 

It  becomes  necessary  to  seek  to  discover 
how  ideals  at  different  epochs  of  the  world's 
history  come  into  existence.  Corporate  inter- 
ests or  tendencies  carried  too  far  in  the  life 
of  a  people  force  that  people  to  disregard 
their  neighbors  and  to  become  more  and  more 
self -centered.  Eventually  this  tendency  finds 
its  fulfillment  within  the  being  of  one  indi- 
vidual who,  being  endowed  with  a  more  highly 
developed  nervous  system  than  his  fellow-men, 
is  affected  by  the  full  force  of  this  ^tendency. 
This  individual  finds  that  he  is  ever  giving 
more  thought  to  his  own  feelings,  with 
an  ever  decreasing  outlet,  in  a  constructive 
way,  to  those  feelings;  hence  a  state  of  dis- 
content is  continually  growing,  which  seems  to 
be  forcing  him  further  and  further  out  of  the 


96  Human  Nature 

world,  with  no  apparent  remedy  in  sight, 
and  everything  in  the  world  seems  to  be 
helping  him  on  the  downward  road.  At  last 
a  glimpse  into  the  future  may  suddenly 
awaken  a  ray  of  hope,  and  thus  is  set  on  foot  a 
contrast  between  the  present  and  a  possible 
future.  Gradually  this  habit  of  contrast 
grows,  and  an  inward  force  is  being  uncov- 
ered, which  grows  in  power  and  gradually 
leads  the  force  that  has  been  seeking  to  break 
down  to  furnish  material  that  is  constructive 
for  the  foundation  of  a  new  structure.  Thus 
are  to  be  seen  two  forces  in  conflict.  The 
constructive  force,  ever  securing  more  nour- 
ishment and  strength,  leads  the  non- con- 
structive element  of  the  force  to  find  pleasure 
in  recognizing  an  ultimate  goal  the  attaining 
of  which  will  be  beneficial  to  the  whole,  and 
thus  both  forces  are  gradually  uniting  in  the 
attainment  of  this  goal.  Neither  force  loses 
its  individuality  in  the  slightest  but  increases 
it  many  times,  because  toleration  is  being 
called  forth  and  a  due  regard  for  the  other's 
rights. 

Thus  the  soul  of  a  nation  or  the  soul  of  an 
individual  is  represented  by  the  dominating 
feeling  which  reigns.  If  the  feeling  is  of  a 
constructive  nature,  then  the  dominating 


The  Soul  97 

feeling  has  secured  the  upper  hand  and  forced 
the  good  of  the  whole  so  into  consciousness 
that  both  elements  of  the  force  are  willing  to 
exercise  toleration  and  give  way  when  the 
good  of  the  whole  is  at  stake.  Thus  a  con- 
structive dominating  tendency  represents 
two  elements  of  a  force  at  work,  with  both 
seeking  a  common  goal.  Hence  the  stronger 
of  the  two  tendencies  must  under  these  condi- 
tions be  considered  as  ruling  and  so  promot- 
ing the  growth  of  the  whole.  If  that  feeling 
within  a  nation  grows  to  such  an  extent  that 
it  becomes  dominating,  which  has  regard  not 
for  the  good  of  the  whole  but  only  for  its 
own  welfare,  and  thus  caring  but  for  to-day 
allows  the  future  to  care  for  itself,  we  must 
consider  that  under  these  conditions  the 
weaker  member  of  the  two  elements  compris- 
ing the  force  has  secured  a  dominating  con- 
trol. When  a  condition  arises  in  society 
which  allows  the  weaker  element  of  its  force 
to  dominate  and  thus  prevents  the  good  of  the 
whole  from  receiving  consideration,  we  are 
forced  to  the  conclusion  that  civilization  as  a 
whole  is  retrogressing. 

The  soul  being  the  embodiment  of  all  that 
we  have  thought,  acted,  or  willed,  a  part  of 
the  nervous  system  and  body  with  which  we 

T 


98  Human  Nature 

are  endowed,  discloses  a  vital  relationship 
with  the  past  and  present. 

Entrance  into  existence  entails  with  the 
soul  or  nervous  system,  as  with  the  other 
molecules  working  in  the  organic  world, 
first  an  embryonic  form,  which  is  capable 
of  interacting  with  outward  forces  but  to  a 
small  degree,  and  during  its  growth  passes 
from  an  "indefinite  incoherent  homogenic 
state  to  a  definite  coherent  heterogenic 
state. "  During  the  evolution  of  the  soul  and 
body,  each  of  which  is  so  dependent  on  the 
other,  necessity  forces  the  environment  into 
the  foreground,  and  says  that  cognizance 
must  be  taken  of  the  beliefs,  habits,  and 
customs  extant  in  the  day  and  age. 

The  embryo  soul,  the  embodiment  of  a 
future  nervous  system  and  body,  is  the  result 
of  all  the  past  ages  of  interaction  that  has 
taken  place  between  force  clothed  in  a 
variety  of  garbs.  The  comprehension  of  the 
soul  is  limited  by  each  individual's  under- 
standing of  the  past  and  the  relationship  of 
the  same  to  the  present  and  future.  Thus 
the  soul  resolves  itself  into  that  inward  power 
which  makes  possible  the  expression  of  feeling 
brought  about  through  interaction  with  the 
environment.  Hence  it  is  that  every  word 


The  Soul  99 

we  utter,  every  action  we  perform,  has  some 
connection  with  the  past  ages,  and  is  the 
embodiment  of  all  those  souls  that  have 
preceded  and  made  possible  the  existence  of 
this  individual  soul. 

We  will  consider  for  a  time  the  realm  in 
which  the  soul  works,  and  thus  derive  a  clearer 
comprehension  of  its  reality. 

That  what  is  good  for  the  whole  is  good  for 
me  should  be  one  of  the  underlying  principles 
governing  all  decisions  in  every  day  life, 
would  seem  rather  idealistic  to  many  and 
therefore  impossible  of  adoption,  but  closer 
scrutiny  will  disclose  the  fact  that  this 
principle  is  adaptable  to  every  walk  in  life. 
Justice  is  the  embodiment  of  all  moral  law, 
hence  it  matters  not  how  small  the  question 
to  be  considered,  if  justice  receives  recogni- 
tion there  must  ensue  a  general  benefit  to  the 
world  at  large;  hence  the  principle  that  what 
is  good  for  the  whole  is  good  for  me  finds 
fulfillment  in  this  case. 

Some  there  are  whose  world  comprises  a 
limited  territory  and  forces  them  to  become 
"so  intent  on  the  separate  life  of  individuals 
that  they  cannot  grasp  the  notion  of  a 
community  as  a  whole — cannot  see  the 
forest  for  the  trees."  Others  may  live  in 


ioo  Human  Nature 

a  world  of  vaster  extent,  but  justice  can 
be  put  into  practice  in  each  world  to 
that  degree  to  which  the  individual's  compre- 
hension gives  sanction.  Steady  endeavor  to 
coerce  justice  gradually  evolves  an  under- 
standing that  fuller  application  of  justice 
calls  for  an  ever  growing  comprehension  of 
"Man's  Place  in  Nature."  Hence  in  the 
realm  of  industry  time  will  necessitate  labor 
and  capital  exercising  mutual  toleration, 
through  each  gaining  a  fuller  and  juster 
comprehension  as  regards  the  relationship 
that  should  exist  between  the  two  that  the 
whole  might  prosper. 

Our  next  step  will  be  to  trace  out  and  see  to 
what  extent  the  individual  comprehension  of 
the  whole  can  become  a  reality  and  thereby 
a  guiding  principle  of  life. 

Comprehension  of  the  whole  would  seem 
to  be  in  itself  an  evolution  starting  at  nil 
and  gradually  embracing  a  broader  and 
broader  understanding  of  nature's  laws  and 
their  interrelationship.  Nature's  laws  first 
find  fulfillment  through  unconscious  inter- 
action with  outward  forces,  which  inter- 
action gradually  evolves  into  consciousness 
laws  which  allow  of  the  interaction  between 
the  forces  to  take  place  with  less  waste,  and 


The  Soul  101 

thus  acting  as  a  beneficial  director  they 
gradually  receive  recognition  and  sanction 
by  the  majority. 

Certain  laws  are  adequate  to  care  for  the  in- 
teraction that  is  taking  place  between  human 
nature,  and  the  parent  or  environment,  when 
they  are  in  a  certain  stage  of  development; 
but  as  time  goes  on  and  both  parent  and  child 
change,  the  director  no  longer  receiving  the 
same  recognition  as  formerly,  is  forced  to  give 
recognition  to  the  general  feeling  that  is 
spreading,  and  at  last,  when  this  feeling 
becomes  strong  enough,  he  is  compelled  to 
supplant  his  old  laws  by  new.  The  con- 
clusion of  this  war  will  of  necessity  bring  into 
being  new  laws  to  take  the  place  of  the  old, 
which  have  proven  themselves  inadequate  to 
work  in  harmony  with  the  human  nature 
that  now  exists. 

One  of  the  great  questions  arising  for 
settlement  in  this  war  is  the  right  of  any 
one  nation  to  claim  absolute  supremacy  for 
its  beliefs  and  customs.  If  this  right  is  no 
longer  to  exist,  must  not  these  customs  and 
beliefs  represent  the  will  of  the  majority  of 
those  nations  which  stand  for  the  highest 
state  of  civilization?  Should  not  such  a 
body  of  beliefs  and  customs  arising  in  the 


102  Human  Nature 

Western  world  find  an  opposing  force  grow- 
ing up  in  the  East,  which  will  prevent  the 
West  from  overstepping  the  mark  in  the  long 
run?  The  East  and  West  would  benefit 
through  the  growing  interaction  that  would 
be  the  outcome  of  these  two  forces  aspiring 
towards  the  reaching  of  a  goal  which  had 
the  good  of  the  whole  world  in  mind. 

If  the  war  is  to  settle  the  questions  above 
enumerated,  the  world  is  having  forced  upon 
it  the  general  acceptance  of  the  doctrine 
that  truth  is  in  a  state  of  evolution,  like  all 
the  other  phenomena  of  the  world.  Thus  if 
the  greatest  questions  before  the  world  are 
to  be  settled  through  fuller  compliance  with 
nature's  law,  which  says  that  what  is 
good  for  the  whole  is  good  for  me,  then 
must  the  principles  underlying  nature's  law 
find  general  acceptance  in  the  outworkings 
of  every  day  life.  Thus  we  approach  nearer 
to  a  means  for  promulgating  throughout 
the  world  an  ever  growing  altruistic  spirit, 
and  the  spreading  of  a  religion  of  understand- 
ing which  holds  that  "a  mutual  toleration, 
based  on  respect  for  the  various  idiosyncrasies 
of  man, "  ought  to  be  the  basic  law  of  na- 
tions and  mankind.  Thus  the  unconscious 
truth  that  has  been  working  itself  into 


The  Soul  103 

existence  since  the  advent  of  man,  is  at  last 
being  formulated  into  a  conscious  law  making 
evolution  a  condition  of  truth. 

Just  as  the  soul  of  an  individual  has  more 
ways  of  expression  than  ever  existed  before, 
due  to  closer  communion  with  an  ever  grow- 
ing individual  world,  so  nations  in  the  future 
will  gradually  be  enabled  to  express  their 
individuality  to  a  greater  extent  through 
closer  communion  with  the  world  at  large. 

Thus  it  becomes  clear  that  the  soul  of  the 
individual  or  the  soul  of  a  nation  never  dies, 
so  long  as  the  force  human  nature  retains  life, 
and  thus  succeeding  individuals  and  nations 
are  the  embodiment  of  their  ancestors,  trust- 
ees of  the  past  makers  of  the  morrow. 

Ideals  picture  the  feelings  of  the  times  in 
conscious  form,  and  with  the  change^  in 
human  nature  there  at  the  same  time  takes 
place  a  change  in  regard  to  what  the  future 
holds  in  store  for  man. 

And  here  we  will  seek  to  see  how  each  ideal- 
ist is  a  natural  stage  in  the  progress  of 
civilization,  and  depicts  the  times.  The 
reason  for  his  being  able  to  depict  the  times 
in  a  clearer  way  than  other  individuals,  is 
due  to  his  having  entered  into  vital  conflict 
with  the  tendencies  of  the  times  which  have 


IO4  Human  Nature 

been  carried  over  the  mark  and  have  brought 
about  a  reign  of  injustice.  He  whom  civili- 
zation has  endowed  with  a  more  highly 
developed  nervous  system  than  his  fellow- 
men,  would  naturally  feel  more  keenly  the 
great  conflict  growing  out  of  the  laws  which 
were  no  longer  adequate  to  act  as  director. 
Out  of  such  individual  conflicts,  and  national 
conflicts,  must  evolve  new  discoveries.  Thus 
we  see  the  portrayal  of  individual  struggle 
throughout  history,  also  the  struggle  of  the 
soul  of  a  nation. 

Idealists,  statesmen,  reformers,  etc.,  are 
those  who  have  in  one  way  or  another  entered 
into  vital  conflict  with  nature's  laws,  and 
with  the  resulting  experience  have  thrown 
their  past  far  into  the  future,  and  using 
comparative  observation  have  evolved  some 
scheme  or  order  fulfilling  the  demands  of  the 
human  nature  of  the  future. 

Thus  each  individual  must  needs  formulate 
an  understanding  of  his  past,  as  time  goes  on, 
that  he  may  be  enabled  to  look  more  clearly 
into  the  future,  with  more  assurance,  and  with 
greater  resulting  benefit  to  the  world. 


DEATH 

LIFE  is  an  ideal,  a  star  in  the  heavens, 
which  calls  for  a  continuous  increase  of  its 
brilliancy,  in  its  highest  conception,  from  be- 
ginning to  end. 

Dissipation  of  this  star  compels  one  for 
the  moment  to  become  lost  in  illimitable 
space,  and  then  one  discovers  that  at  the 
parting  of  the  ways  such  solitude  will  not  be 
allowed,  for  the  human  mind  in  so  accustom- 
ing its  thoughts  to  be  dissociated  from  its 
own  being  has  formed  a  habit,  which  compels 
recognition  of  self  in  terms  of  the  outside 
world.  The  inevitable  having  thus  become 
a  co-partner  of  the  mind,  through  years  of 
training,  has  so  furnished  happiness  and 
success  that,  as  a  result,  it  is  impossible  at 
the  critical  time  to  dissociate  happiness  and 
success  from  the  inevitable;  and  so  the 
departure  of  the  star  will  be  seen  in  terms  of 
the  other  stars  that  illuminate  the  sky,  and 
such  will  be  the  brilliancy  and  complexity  of 
the  rays  radiating  out  from  these  other  stars 
105 


io6  Human  Nature 

that  this  illumination  will  hold  the  human 
mind  spellbound,  and  it  will  be  during  this 
period  of  exaltation  that  the  star  will  cease  to 
shine.  Its  presence,  however,  will  be  in- 
directly felt  so  long  as  there  are  other  stars 
in  the  heavens. 


"MAN'S  PLACE  IN  NATURE" 


THE  ever-evolving  revelation  of  "Man's 
Place  in  Nature"  is  accompanied  by  closer 
communion  with  the  world  at  large,  and 
affords  increasing  opportunities  for  the  mani- 
festation of  individuality. 

Human  nature  regarding  the  pressure  of 
necessity  as  its  boon  companion  must  needs 
lead  the  individual  to  discover  that  only 
through  bringing  his  latent  powers  into 
contact  with  necessity  will  a  due  stimulus 
be  given  to  an  ever  greater  development  of 
the  talents. 

Many  walks  of  life  must  look  for  that 
stimulus  prompting  due  exercise  of  one's 
faculties  to  the  erection  of  a  moral  stronghold 
so  held  together  by  interest  and  that  ever- 
evolving  clearer  relationship  between  the 
individual  and  his  environment  that  with  his 
latent  powers  welling  up,  from  the  uncon- 
scious into  conscious  form,  their  further 
development  will  be  fostered  by  the  moral 
stronghold  having  acquired  sufficient  strength 
107 


io8  Human  Nature 

to  force  them  into  closer  contact  with  the 
world. 

A  concrete  example  will  make  clearer  the 
great  moral  uplift  to  be  discovered  in  neces- 
sity. Consider  an  individual  who  has  in- 
herited a  highly  developed  nervous  system  in 
embryo,  and  finds  himself  in  an  environment 
which  exemplifies  a  stage  in  civilization  long 
since  passed  through  by  the  majority  of 
civilized  peoples.  If  the  individual  endowed 
with  these  superior  faculties  has  these  facul- 
ties developed  through  entering  into  competi- 
tion with  the  men  of  his  inherited  environment 
he  will  evolve  into  a  constructive  agent,  and 
coming  to  a  just  appreciation  of  that  which 
the  environment  offers  will  proceed  through 
the  law  of  association  of  ideas  to  unite  this 
knowledge  in  some  new  way  with  some  of  those 
laws  working  throughout  nature.  He  will 
thereby  evolve  a  clearer  understanding  of 
"  Man's  Place  in  Nature  "  and  raise  somewhat 
the  level  of  the  civilization  of  this  environ- 
ment. Take  the  same  individual  and  place  him 
in  an  environment  commensurate  with  the 
demands  made  by  the  more  highly  developed 
nervous  system  with  which  he  is  endowed, 
and  at  once  he  is  forced  to  enter  into  competi- 
tion with  discoveries  ages  in  advance  of 


"Man's  Place  in  Nature"     109 

those  offered  by  his  natural  habitat,  and  in 
order  that  he  may  compete  in  the  struggle 
for  existence  he  is  forced  to  first  assimilate 
this  advanced  civilization,  and  hence  his 
faculties  through  necessity  are  developed  far 
in  advance  of  that  which  would  have  been 
the  case  had  he  remained  in  his  original 
environment.  Thus  civilization  makes  plain 
that  for  the  fullest  development  of  the  facul- 
ties an  external  stimulus  must  be  taken  into 
consideration. 

Recognizing  the  above  conclusions,  the 
question  naturally  arises  as  to  the  choice  of 
the  environment  which  will  give  the  greatest 
stimulus  to  the  development  of  one's  latent 
powers.  Does  moral  responsibility,  where 
choice  is  enabled  to  exercise  its  powers,  stipu- 
late that  the  individual  should  escape  from 
that  environment  where  the  struggle  would  be 
keenest  and  necessity  would  force  him  to  the 
highest  development  of  his  talents? 

The  time  would  seem  to  have  arrived  when 
necessity  is  to  force  the  world  to  accept  and 
apply  the  theory  of  evolution  in  a  manner 
never  before  seriously  contemplated. 

Consider  Mr.  Spencer's  theory  of  evolution 
"By  continuous  differentiation  and  integra- 
tion is  formed  an  aggregate  which  while 


no  Human  Nature 

increasing  passes  from  an  indefinite  incoher- 
ent homogeneity,  to  a  definite  coherent 
heterogeneity."  Considering  this  theory  in 
relation  to  the  world  crisis  which  has  arisen,  we 
find  that  a  mutual  dependence  has  grown  up 
among  nations  so  that  anything  affecting  one 
radiates  out  from  its  point  of  origin  with  a 
speed  which  has  never  before  been  possible. 
Thus  a  great  constructive  agent  exercising  his 
faculties  in  that  environment  which  will  lead 
to  their  fuller  development  can  count  on  his 
movements  being  felt  throughout  the  world  at 
large  during  a  single  lifetime.  Thus  it  would 
seem  that  the  pressure  of  the  world's  need 
calls  for  a  union  of  those  nations  representing 
the  high-water  mark  of  civilization,  and  so, 
united  and  working  in  harmony  with  the 
dictates  of  nature,  make  her  an  ally  rather 
than  an  enemy. 

We  can  find  in  this  war  a  partial  solution 
of  that  world- wide  problem  that  has  been 
taking  on  greater  proportions,  the  underlying 
principles  of  which  are  shared  and  agreed 
upon  by  practically  all.  These  principles, 
working  throughout  the  world,  have  led  one 
nation  after  another  to  advance  and  claim 
that  her  beliefs,  customs,  and  government 
were  the  best  that  existed,  and  seek  to  force 


"  Man's  Place  in  Nature  "     1 1 1 

this  culture  upon  the  world.  This  God- 
given  right  of  forcing  your  customs  and 
beliefs  upon  another  people  was  first  put  into 
practice  by  individuals,  then  by  groups,  and 
finally  by  nations.  There  are  two  ways 
of  forcing  one's  culture  upon  the  world :  the  one 
calls  for  the  use  of  physical  force,  the  other 
calls  for  the  use  of  economic  conditions. 
That  stage  in  the  development  of  the  human 
race  has  now  arrived  when  it  will  no  longer 
be  possible  for  nations  single-handed  to  say 
that  my  political  and  moral  ideas  are  the  best, 
and,  holding  such  a  conviction,  force  the  same 
upon  another  people.  Rather  does  neces- 
sity force  a  number  of  nations  to  join  together 
and  thus  united  take  cognizance  of  all  the 
beliefs  and  customs  of  the  world,  and  there- 
from evolve  international  laws  which  will 
coincide  with  the  most  advanced  ideas  as 
regards  what  is  best  for  the  whole  world. 

Stated  in  more  concrete  form,  an  in- 
dividual's moral  responsibility  to  himself  re- 
solves itself  into  answering  the  following 
questions:  What  are  my  talents? 

Does  not  necessity  need  to  be  evolved  into 
conscious  form,  making  its  presence  felt 
rather  as  that  of  a  friend  than  that  of  an 
enemy? 


ii2  Human  Nature 

Will  it  be  a  greater  or  less  degree  of  exter- 
nal pressure  that  will  call  forth  the  greatest 
exertion? 

Does  evolution,  during  any  of  its  stages,  dis- 
close the  fact  that  a  struggle  for  existence  is 
not  the  prime  mover,  and  that  the  individual 
feels  its  influence  first  in  small  ways  and 
then  in  larger  ways? 

Since  hope  in  the  future  is  becoming 
justifiable  to  an  ever-increasing  proportion 
of  this  world's  inhabitants,  does  it  not  seem 
expedient  that  it  should  be  coupled  with 
ideals  that  are  ever  in  a  state  of  progress, 
and  thus  foster  discoveries  that  will  benefit 
humanity  at  large? 

Does  not  the  entering  into  this  hope  necessi- 
tate the  pitting  of  one's  mind  against  the 
most  advanced  minds  of  the  age  working 
along  the  same  lines? 

Is  it  not  through  putting  into  actual 
practice  your  ideas  as  worked  out  in  the 
struggle  for  the  manifestation  of  your  individ- 
uality with  men  of  equal  or  greater  talents, 
that  the  greatest  good  will  result  to  humanity 
at  large,  and  hence  your  own  greatest  happi- 
ness? 

If  human  nature  requires  for  its  develop- 
ment hope,  a  something  towards  which  it  can 


"Man's  Place  in  Nature "     113 

aspire,  and  this  human  nature  is  ever  becom- 
ing more  pervaded  by  that  altruistic  spirit 
which  says  that  what  is  good  for  the  whole 
is  good  for  me,  is  it  not  fair  to  conclude  that 
endeavor  will  receive  its  due  reward,  but  will 
not  the  reward  of  the  future  be  of  an  ever 
more  altruistic  nature? 

Though  there  must  continue  to  be  grades 
and  ranks  throughout  society  there  is  no 
reason  why  these  grades  and  ranks  should 
not  also  take  upon  themselves  a  more  altruis- 
tic spirit,  so  that  every  grade  will  rise  along 
with  the  evolution  of  the  whole.  Faith  in  the 
future  will  be  a  greater  incentive  throughout 
an  ever-growing  proportion  of  the  world's 
inhabitants  because  each  grade  will  stand 
for  ever  greater  good. 

One  of  the  greatest  problems  that  face 
humanity  at  large  is  the  evolving  of  a  system 
of  education  based  upon  evolution  which 
will  better  take  care  of  that  great  inequality 
which  confronts  the  individuals  born  into 
this  world.  The  human  being,  after  tens  of 
thousands  of  years,  is  born  into  the  world,  at 
present,  really  more  unfitted  to  cope  with  his 
environment  than  he  was  ages  ago. 

Evolution  throughout  the  animal  kingdom 
shows  that  the  lowest  form  of  animal  life  is 


ii4  Human  Nature 

born  into  this  world  ready  to  interact,  on 
its  own  responsibility,  with  the  environment. 
As  the  nervous  system  becomes  more  intri- 
cate, a  longer  time  is  required  for  the  different 
functions  of  the  body  to  make  themselves 
felt,  and  for  a  union  to  take  place  which  will 
allow  all  parts  of  the  body  to  work  together 
for  the  good  of  the  whole. 

The  human  being  possessing  the  most 
highly  developed  nervous  system  necessarily 
takes  a  longer  time  to  bring  that  nervous 
system  into  a  unified  working  order  than  any 
other  member  of  the  animal  kingdom.  The 
infant  uses  one  function  to  a  degree  by  itself  at 
first,  and  then  gradually  through  association 
discovers  that  the  one  function  can  be  used 
in  connection  with  another  function  to  bring 
about  the  desired  ends,  until  at  last  maturity 
is  reached,  when  the  nervous  system  has 
become  so  coherent  through  exercise  that  the 
individual  is  able  to  adapt  his  inner  actions 
to  these  outer  actions  arising,  with  the 
greatest  benefit  to  humanity  at  large. 

The  more  intricate  the  nervous  system,  the 
longer  the  time  that  must  elapse  before  the 
system  and  its  environment  are  enabled  to 
work  together  for  the  furtherance  of  the 
species. 


" Man's  Place  in  Nature"     115 

The  necessity  for  interaction  with  an  ever- 
increasing  heterogeneous  environment  has 
brought  about  with  man  the  gradual  evolu- 
tion of  a  more  and  more  complex  nervous 
system,  until  the  present  race  offers  a  more 
highly  developed  nervous  system  than  any  of 
its  predecessors.  Thus  for  this  highly  com- 
plex nervous  system  to  work  in  harmony,  a 
longer  time  is  required  for  the  development  of 
the  new  nervous  centers  and  fibers  which  take 
care  of  the  new  functions  which  necessity  has 
evolved.  The  evolution  of  the  nervous  sys- 
tem of  the  individual  is  exactly  analogous  to 
the  evolution  of  the  nervous  system  of  the 
human  race,  but  so  quick  is  the  transition 
from  one  stage  to  another  that  the  relation- 
ship between  the  two  remains  unrecognized 
in  general.  Also  so  little  has  been  under- 
stood in  general  regarding  the  evolution  of  the 
human  race  that  it  was  impossible  to  have 
data  on  hand  that  might  be  used  for  com- 
parative observation.  Another  condition 
working  against  the  establishment  of  this 
relationship  between  the  development  of  the 
infant  and  the  development  of  the  human 
race,  is  that  law  which  so  characterizes  the 
present  state  of  human  nature,  as  described 
by  Bergson.  "What  interests  us  is  the 


n6  Human  Nature 

unmovable  plan  of  the  movement  and  not  the 
movement  itself. "  As  this  relationship  be- 
tween the  evolution  of  the  individual  and  the 
evolution  of  the  human  race  becomes  clearer, 
teaching  will  fall  in  line  with  this  theory; 
and  as  the  human  race  progressed  first  by 
assimilating  the  phenomena  of  nature  uncon- 
sciously, and  then  gradually  evolving  them 
into  conscious  form,  so  the  individual  will  be 
taught  natural  phenomena  in  tangible  form, 
and,  seeing  these  tangible  phenomena  con- 
nected with  everyday  life,  will  evolve  into 
consciousness  the  laws  by  which  they  are 
governed.  The  force  of  this  quotation  be- 
comes apparent  at  this  point.  "For  if  there 
is  a  mass  of  subjective  knowledge  varying 
in  value  there  must  ensue  a  selection  of  the 
more  valuable  and  serviceable,  which  will  in 
consequence  survive  and  constitute  growing 
bodies  of  objective  truth  shared  and  agreed 
upon  by  practically  all. " 

Considering  nature's  way  of  evolving  lan- 
guage we  discover  that  first  came  the  language 
in  an  imperfect  state,  out  of  which  grew 
general  laws ;  so  that  when  these  laws  were 
developed  language  passed  from  an  indefinite, 
incoherent  way  of  expression  to  a  more 
definite,  coherent,  heterogeneous  way  of 


"  Man's  Place  in  Nature  "     117 

expression.  Thus  if  the  English  child  has 
been  taught  at  home  the  correct  use  of  lan- 
guage he  is  enabled  to  almost  formulate  the 
laws  of  grammar  himself,  and  sees  much  more 
clearly  the  application  of  the  rule.  Hence 
results  a  reality  which  almost  fosters  pleas- 
ure, for  here  is  a  discovery  real  and  true. 
The  more  discoveries  the  child  or  individual 
can  make  for  himself,  the  more  impetus  is 
given  to  further  discovery,  and  in  this  way 
interest  is  created  in  building  up  an  under- 
standing of  the  civilization  that  has  pre- 
ceded us. 

Teaching  thus  resolves  itself  into  first 
holding  an  understanding  that  due  consider- 
ation must  be  given  to  this  more  complex 
nervous  system  with  which  the  present  human 
being  is  endowed  upon  entering  into  this 
world,  and  that  any  artificial  education 
averse  to  the  laws  of  evolution,  which  have 
brought  the  human  race  to  its  present  state, 
will  prove  its  artificiality  by  its  failure  to 
satisfy  human  needs. 

Teaching  will  have  to  follow  along  the  lines 
of  evolution,  which  shows  some  reality  in  the 
use  of  means  to  end,  and  then  gradually  form- 
ulates into  consciousness  that  law  in  nature  to 
which  this  use  of  means  to  end  corresponds. 


n8  Human  Nature 

Being  guided  by  the  laws  of  evolution  will 
bring  about  an  understanding  that  valuable 
knowledge  does  not  depend  on  one's  command 
of  pure  facts,  but  on  the  power  to  compare 
ideas  and  discover  their  relationship,  which 
is  the  highroad  to  further  discovery. 

Evolution  shows  that  the  individual  is 
born  into  this  world  no  more  fitted  to  care  for 
himself  than  he  was  ten  thousand  years  ago, 
and  really  less  fitted,  for  he  has  a  much  more 
complex  nervous  system  which  has  eventually 
to  interact  with  a  more  complex  environment. 
Thus,  taking  into  consideration  the  next  ten 
thousand  years,  it  is  fair  to  suppose  that  as 
Evolution  has  proceeded  in  the  past  so  she 
will  proceed  in  the  future,  and  that  the 
future  baby  in  evolving  his  individuality 
will  have  to  pass  through  all  the  stages  of 
civilization  that  have  preceded  him.  Al- 
though the  environment  will  greatly  improve 
as  time  goes  on,  the  baby  will  still  have  to 
pass  through  these  stages,  and  will,  when 
born  into  this  world  ten  thousand  years 
from  now,  be  as  helpless  as  he  is  at  present. 

If  the  above  deductions  as  regards  the 
helplessness  of  the  infant  are  correct,  it  is  fair 
to  suppose  that  as  a  more  altruistic  spirit 
grows  up  throughout  the  world,  and  as  the 


"  Man's  Place  in  Nature  "     119 

idea  becomes  more  firmly  fixed  in  the  con- 
sciousness that  what  is  good  for  the  whole 
is  good  for  me,  people  will  be  led  to  feel 
that  the  greatest  good  that  can  be  done 
to  humanity  is  that  each  individual  born 
into  this  world  should  find  that  education 
which  will  teach  him  or  her  to  discover  those 
talents  which  are  possessed,  and  so  start  out 
into  the  world  with  the  purpose  well  grounded 
of  developing  those  talents.  For  in  that 
democratic  state  which  fosters  interest  and  so 
exertion  towards  the  betterment  of  condi- 
tions, the  stream  never  rises  above  its  source; 
hence  it  would  seem  that  greater  harmony 
and  understanding  could  only  be  brought 
about  through  a  clearer  insight  by  the  major- 
ity into  the  direct  connection  between  the 
laws  governing  human  nature,  and  the 
sciences.  When  such  a  relationship  becomes 
established  in  the  average  human  mind  the 
wonders  of  nature  will  receive  fuller  recogni- 
tion, and  with  the  interest  that  springs  up 
will  also  evolve  a  desire  to  conform  to  nature's 
laws.  The  religion  of  understanding  will  then 
have  gained  a  firm  footing,  and  "a  mutual 
toleration  based  on  respect  for  the  various 
idiosyncrasies  of  man"  will  be  a  form  of 
brotherly  love.  All  branches  of  human 


i2o  Human  Nature 

activity  will  have  entered  into  such  close 
communion  with  nature  and  her  laws  that  a 
real  interest  will  pervade  all  lines  of  work 
that  have  heretofore  been  mere  drudgery. 

That  human  nature  declares  that  there 
must  be  grades  and  ranks  in  society  to  offer 
an  example  which  may  incite  human  beings 
to  the  development  of  their  individuality, 
forces  upon  an  ever-growing  number  the  ne- 
cessity of  deciding  where  their  talents  should 
be  exercised. 

That  grade  or  rank  of  society  into  which 
an  individual  is  born  is  that  concerning  which 
he  has  the  fullest  comprehension,  for  it  is 
contact  with  environment  which  builds  up 
individuality.  One  can  understand  no 
struggle  so_well  as  the  one  he  has  had  to  make; 
thus  there  are  no  surroundings  that  have 
entailed  the  comparative  observation  offered 
by  his  own  environment. 

Thus  if  we  are  born  into  a  certain  rank  and 
condition  it  is  impossible  to  put  oneself  in 
any  other  condition  with  the  full  compre- 
hension of  the  individual  who  has  experienced 
that  condition;  so  it  would  seem  that  in  the 
environment  we  understand  best  we  could 
work  best.  The  environment  that  we  know 
would  always  force  into  mind  only  those 


"Man's  Place  in  Nature "     121 

things  which  are  truly  real,  being  those  condi- 
tions which  we  have  experienced. 

If  one  chooses  to  exercise  his  talents  in  an 
environment  that  is  foreign  to  his  nature, 
there  must  of  necessity  constantly  accom- 
pany his  actions  a  feeling  of  sacrifice,  which 
in  turn  is  detrimental  to  the  development 
of  individuality. 

In  the  attempt  to  build  up  and  make  more 
worthy  by  example  that  rank  or  grade  of 
society  concerning  which  one  knows  most, 
the  individual  is  bound  to  come  into  contact 
with  other  grades  of  society,  and  thus  receives 
that  necessary  stimulus  to  the  fullest  exertion 
of  his  faculties.  For  it  is  only  through 
placing  oneself  in  direct  contact  with  the 
world  that  a  fuller  development  of  one's 
talents  can  possibly  result. 


APPROBATION 

APPROBATION  of  one's  fellow-men  is  the 
main  propelling  force  which  leads  to  cease- 
less endeavor  and  furnishes  an  ever-in- 
creasing stimulus  to  the  development  of 
individuality. 

The  evolution  of  individuality  is  the  soul's 
development  in  every  walk  of  life.  It  is  in  the 
endeavor  to  make  use  of  one's  talents  that  a 
continuously  present  consciousness  is  evolved, 
which  finds  contentment  in  the  feeling  that 
the  same  talents  are  being  duly  exercised  and 
therefore  growth  is  continuing. 

One  of  the  fundamental  steps  in  life,  pro- 
vided circumstances  permit  of  choice,  is  to 
arrive  through  retrospection  at  definite  con- 
clusions as  regards  one's  talents.  These 
same  talents  being  called  forth  into  tangible 
form  are  to  be  held  in  the  mind's  eye  as  an 
ever-progressive  goal  towards  which  one  is 
to  strive  with  every  particle  of  vital  energy 
residing  within  him.  Just  as  all  nature  is  in 
a  state  of  change,  so  likewise  must  we  hold  an 

122 


Approbation  123 

understanding  as  regards  the  ideals  surround- 
ing our  talents. 

It  is  with  assurance  that  we  can  look  to 
the  future  as  evolving  a  system  of  education 
which  will,  first  and  foremost,  be  seeking  to 
establish  a  fuller  comprehension  of  those  laws 
underlying  all  science,  which  are  of  such 
vital  significance  in  establishing  a  harmony 
between  the  individual  and  his  environment. 
Thus  will  be  promoted  the  realization  that 
in  proportion  as  the  individual  is  able  to  see 
clearly  his  relationship  to  the  world  at  large, 
so  will  he  be  able  to  discern  with  more  exact- 
ness his  own  talents,  and  will  accept  interests 
as  the  criteria  for  the  discovery  of  those  tal- 
ents. For  interests  and  talents  work  hand 
in  hand. 

Education  having  taught  the  individual  to 
discover  his  talents  for  himself  will  have 
performed  one  of  its  highest  duties,  for  it 
will  have  lain  that  greatest  of  all  foundations, 
interest  which  having  once  been  kindled  will 
ever  look  for  further  material  upon  which  to 
expend  its  energy. 

Talents  may  force  their  way  into  prom- 
inence with  some  early  in  life.  With  others 
the  talents  may  have  been  long  smoldering 
but  suppressed,  and  then  suddenly  flaring 


124  Human  Nature 

up  break  into  flame  and  enwrap  the  whole 
being. 

The  suppression  may  have  created  an  in- 
tense and  absorbing  longing  for  some  field 
of  action  into  which  the  being  might  enter 
heart  and  soul.  Suppression  prevents  the 
discovery  of  one's  true  relationship  to  the 
universe,  and  hence  the  brightness  of  any 
talent  is  constantly  subdued  and  a  suffusion 
of  interest  cannot  take  place.  Once  the 
flame  breaks  forth  and  the  being  escapes 
momentarily  from  suppression,  suffusion  takes 
place,  and  such  is  the  satisfaction  resulting 
from  this  momentary  glimpse  into  the  new 
world  that  from  that  moment  forth  heart 
and  soul  enter  upon  the  great  task  of  develop- 
ing the  talents  which  were  uncovered  by  the 
momentary  glimpse. 


ART 

THAT  art  may  more  clearly  establish  her 
moral  worth  m  the  realm  of  being,  she  must 
disclose  her  origin,  manner  of  growth,  present 
status,  and  future  intentions.  Such  a  frank 
and  open  policy  would  the  better  enable 
human  nature  to  discover  for  herself  how 
much  reliance  she  was  willing  to  place  in  one 
who  had  produced  such  wonderful  results 
throughout  the  ages.  Also  to  discover 
whether  this  one  so  named  art  is  qualified  to 
act  as  judge  in  deciding  the  momentous 
questions  arising  between  those  elements 
which  would  have  regard  for  the  near  future, 
and  those  elements  which  would  care  for  the 
distant  future. 

Art  according  to  the  dictates  of  a  new  era 
will  make  known  a  few  of  the  steps  along 
her  way. 

Art  is  a  picture  of  nature,  true  to  the  soul 
of  the  age  which  paints  it. 

Nature,  in  a  constant  state  of  change,  is 
forced  to  alter  her  sustenance.  The  ages 
125 


i26  Human  Nature 

upon  ages  of  feeling  contained  in  the  soul  of 
to-day  is  undergoing  change,  being  forced  to 
interact  with  new  outward  forces. 

Art  is  human  nature  expressing  its  desire 
to  advance. 

Art  is  the  striving  on  the  part  of  human 
nature  to  enter  into  closer  relationship,  into 
communion,  into  harmony  with  nature. 

Art  is  progressive  in  its  very  being,  forcing 
man  through  depicting  the  good  and  bad 
feelings  expressed  by  the  day  and  age  to  face 
reality.  Thus  man  is  the  better  enabled  to 
see  his  strong  and  weak  qualities  and  so 
institute  change. 

Art  is  thus  the  representative  of  truth  and 
justice. 

Justice  says,  that  in  any  conflict  you  will, 
neither  litigant  is  all  good  or  all  bad;  that 
force,  in  whichever  of  its  many  garbs  you 
wish,  is  born  into  this  world  composed  of  two 
sets  of  elements,  which  must  secure  their 
nourishment  through  interacting  with  other 
forces  in  the  environment.  One  set  of  ele- 
ments is  seeking  to  work  with  the  laws  of 
nature,  that  would  have  regard  for  to-day  or 
the  near  future;  the  other  set  of  elements  is 
seeking  to  care  for  the  distant  future.  If  that 
set  of  elements  which  has  regard  for  the 


Art  127 

distant  future,  or  the  good  of  the  whole,  is 
enabled  to  secure  sufficient  sustenance  from 
the  parent  or  environment,  it  will  gradually 
grow  strong  enough  to  impress  the  justice  of 
its  ideas  upon  the  other  set  of  elements,  so 
that  in  the  end  both  may  work  in  unison 
towards  the  attainment  of  a  common  goal 
which  will  have  regard  for  the  good  of  the 
whole.  If  however  this  growth  is  rapid  and 
artificial,  advance  towards  a  goal  which  has 
in  mind  the  good  of  the  whole  will  be  checked, 
through  mastery  of  that  set  of  elements  which 
has  regard  for  to-day  or  the  near  future. 
Thus  if  nature's  laws  are  the  more  carefully 
followed,  the  elements  which  would  have 
regard  but  for  to-day  or  the  near  future  will 
eventually  unite  with  those  which  have 
regard  for  the  far  distant  future,  and  thus 
will  have  arisen  a  constructive  force  which 
through  economical  use  of  the  environment 
is  ena.bled  to  gain  strength  and  continue  to 
hold  an  increasing  regard  for  the  good  of 
the  whole.  The  set  of  elements  that  would 
have  regard  for  the  far  distant  future  must  be 
able  through  force  of  example  to  prove  their 
sincerity  or  worth,  otherwise  they  will  be 
unable  to  persuade  the  opposing  elements 
that  it  is  worth  while  to  join  forces  and  work 


128  Human  Nature 

for  that  distant  goal  which  has  the  good  of 
the  whole  at  heart. 

Before  the  two  sets  of  elements  comprising 
any  force  are  willing  to  accept  the  verdict  of 
the  judge  or  environment  as  final  there  must 
be  a  general  feeling  existent  that  the  judge 
himself  or  the  environment  is  tolerant  and 
just.  If  through  change  of  conditions  the 
judge  is  known  to  be  biased,  being  compelled 
to  render  his  judgments  according  to  the 
dictates  of  laws  which  have  become  old,  a 
general  feeling  grows  up  that  justice  is  being 
denied,  that  too  much  nourishment  is  being 
given  to  one  set  of  elements,  therefore  the 
judge  or  environment  is  unable  to  wield  his 
sustaining  power  properly,  therefore  waste  is 
resulting.  If  the  judge  or  environment  does 
not  take  notice  of  this  waste,  and  through 
exercising  greater  toleration  prevent  its  con- 
tinuance, the  sustaining  power  of  the  judge 
or  environment  will  in  turn  decrease,  which 
condition  will  ultimately  lead  to  a  weakening 
of  both  sets  of  elements  comprising  the 
force. 

Art,  as  a  representative  of  truth  and  jus- 
tice, therefore  has  some  direct  relationship 
with  every  line  of  work,  and  its  field  can- 
not be  restricted  to  what  society  at  present, 


Art  129 

to  a  large  degree,  designates  as  the  painter,  the 
musician,  the  sculptor,  etc. 

The  well-known  phrase,  "art  for  art's 
sake,"  has  special  significance  for  us  at  the 
present  time,  for  it  voices  an  ever-growing 
feeling  among  the  more  civilized  peoples 
which,  couched  in  language,  would  be  a 
request  that  art  make  known  to  the  every- 
day world  the  laws  which  hold  sway  in  her 
country,  and  enable  her  inhabitants  to  secure 
such  a  wealth  of  happiness  in  their  work  that 
man  becomes  almost  tireless,  able  to  surmount 
innumerable  difficulties,  brave  poverty  for 
years,  and  use  defeat  as  a  means  to  ever 
greater  exertion. 

Every  soul  is  an  artist  from  its  origin,  paint- 
ing day  by  day  a  most  wonderful  picture  upon 
earth's  ever-changing  carpet.  In  this  living 
picture  man  represents  nature  more  truly 
than  the  professional  artist  or  sculptor,  for  he 
is  in  a  position  which  does  not  allow  of  his 
depicting  falsely  a  single  one  of  those  feelings 
which  contact  with  the  nature  of  the  day  and 
age  arouse  within  him. 

The  expression  of  the  eyes,  the  set  of  the 
jaw,  the  relationship  between  the  upper 
and  lower  lip,  the  poise  of  the  head,  the 
nature  of  the  laugh,  the  freedom  of  bodily 


130  Human  Nature 

movement,  all  go  towards  giving  us  the 
wonderful  conception  evolved  by  this  artist 
as  regards  what  he  considers  to  be  the  lot  of 
man  when  placed  under  the  conditions  he 
has  experienced. 

This  wonderful  picture  which  each  soul 
paints  has  a  marketable  value,  and  its  sale 
takes  place  in  the  world's  picture  gallery. 
This  gallery,  unlike  others,  has  expert  critics 
continually  on  hand,  so  that  the  artist  as  his 
picture  progresses  is  enabled  to  secure  suffi- 
cient means  which  will  allow  of  the  con- 
tinuance of  his  work  of  art.  Each  individual's 
remuneration  is  unequal  in  amount,  for 
with  just  critics,  and  no  two  pictures  exactly 
similar,  and  therefore  not  of  equal  value, 
although  so  wonderful,  justice  is  unable  to 
offer  the  same  to  each.  The  fact  is  that  these 
special  critics  pay  all  their  artists  in  a  currency 
known  as  happiness. 

Leaving  the  broad  field  of  art  we  will  call  a 
halt  at  the  several  wayside  inns  designated 
by  society  as  the  musician,  the  sculptor,  the 
artist. 

Art,  as  a  representative  of  justice  and  truth, 
proclaims  that  anything  that  prompts  its 
spread  must  of  necessity  foster  a  more 
economical  use  of  the  environment.  Thus 


Art  131 

these  special  inns  along  the  way,  whose 
proprietors  exercise  diligence  and  indomit- 
able energy,  all  being  accompanied  with  the 
desire  to  please  patrons  through  furnishing 
them  with  the  very  best  that  the  country  has 
to  offer,  should  receive  patronage  according 
to  the  laws  of  justice,  and  their  proprietors 
should  receive  recompense  commensurate 
with  what  the  public  values  their  worth  in 
contributing  to  its  happiness. 

Proceeding  to  investigate  these  wayside 
inns  that  an  understanding  may  be  had  of  the 
methods  adopted  in  maintaining  them  so 
efficiently,  we  will  engage  the  proprietor  of  the 
inn  Music  in  conversation  and  seek  to  draw 
him  out.  He  is,  according  to  the  general 
consensus  of  opinion,  a  most  talkative  and 
genial  fellow.  They  say  that  at  times  he  is 
able  so  to  engage  your  attention  that  he 
causes  you  to  lose  sight  of  yourself  and 
become  engrossed  in  another  world.  On  this 
voyage  into  another  land  you  feel  yourself 
floating  on  his  waves  of  merriment  and 
pathos,  borne  along  into  realms  far,  far  away, 
where  all  is  harmony  and  one's  being  is  sur- 
rounded by  nature's  most  glorious  splendor. 
His  personality  and  the  distant  land  of  beauty 
mingle  into  thrills  of  joy.  Nature's  wonders 


132  Human  Nature 

that  have  called  forth  the  admiration  of 
humanity  since  its  origin  take  on  new  aspects 
and  lead  later  to  a  more  careful  inspection  of 
their  marvelous  workmanship. 

Our  innkeeper  becomes  more  confidential, 
and  tells  how  his  house  has  become  so  famous. 
"You  see  I  have  sought,  from  the  first,  to 
treat  each  guest  that  came  to  my  doors  with 
justice,  not  exacting  every  penny  that  I 
could  honestly  demand,  but  giving  him  so 
much  for  what  he  did  pay  that  he  would  ever 
remember  me  with  pleasure  and  seek  my 
abode  whenever  he  was  in  the  neighborhood. 
And  thus  my  friends  grew  in  number  until 
you  must  know  that  I  have  come  to  be  known 
the  world  over  as  the  merriest  and  happiest 
proprietor  that  ever  lived.  Some  there  are 
who  will  not  acknowledge  my  right  to  this 
place,  but  the  wise  methinks  will  never  deny 
me  my  just  due.  My  music  has  been  steadily 
growing  in  volume  and  sincerity,  for  with 
the  return  of  old  friends  that  had  been 
traveling  in  distant  lands  there  followed  the 
giving  to  me  of  their  experience,  and  I  was 
thus  enabled  to  secure  a  fuller  comprehension 
of  those  qualities  in  human  nature  which, 
encouraged,  would  cause  my  inn  to  thrive. 
Thus  by  mingling  with  the  world  I  came  to 


Art  133 

have  a  fuller  comprehension  of  that  which 
this  world  holds  out  to  him  who  seeks,  and 
thus  my  feelings  grew,  and  with  their  growth 
I  found  ever  more  encouragement  from  my 
old  friends  and  new  to  give  truthful  expres- 
sion to  my  feeling.  And  in  this  truthful 
expression  I  discovered  that  I  was  becoming 
ever  more  truthful  to  feeling  expressed  by 
human  nature  the  world  over.  Therefore 
more  and  more  of  those  who  visit  my  abode 
are  willing  to  accredit  me  with  being  a  most 
wonderful  host. 

"You  see  I  feel  that  my  greatest  success 
has  depended  more  than  anything  else  upon 
the  way  I  have  treated  my  friends.  For 
a  long  time,  those  men  with  whom  I  could 
not  get  along,  I  left  to  make  themselves  at 
home  the  best  way  they  knew  how,  but  after 
a  time  I  learned  that  these  men  with  whom 
I  could  not  get  along  were  most  remarkable 
in  many  ways.  After  a  while  I  got  to  en- 
gaging them  in  the  general  conversation  which 
took  place  of  an  evening,  and  such  was  the 
effect  of  the  atmosphere  which  I  had  built  up 
about  the  place  that,  do  you  know,  those 
men  with  whom  I  had  seemed  formerly 
unable  to  get  along  were  compelled  in 
time  to  see  their  wrongdoing  in  terms  and 


134  Human  Nature 

means  that  would  enable  others  to  escape  the 
same  paths  that  they  had  trodden.  Their 
wrongdoing  became  tinged  with  happiness, 
for  it  was  ever  translating  itself  into  a  means 
which  would  enable  the  inward  joy  to  be 
communicated  to  the  outside  world.  I 
acknowledge  that  one  of  the  main  factors 
which  has  led  to  the  continuous  struggle  on 
my  part  to  increase  the  potentiality  of  my 
own  being,  or  in  other  words  seek  to  secure 
ever  more  sustenance  from  outside,  has 
been  the  possession  of  so  many  friends  that 
were  willing  to  give  free  expression  to  their 
feelings  in  my  presence.  These  friends  have 
been  freely  encouraged  through  my  prac- 
ticing what  I  preached,  so  that  in  every  note 
I  strike  in  my  attempt  to  please  I  hear  in 
conscious  feeling  all  the  struggle  that  has 
gone  before,  and  this  is  the  tremendous 
moving  impulse  which  actuates  me  to  ever 
increase  the  reputation  of  my  inn. 

"The  outside  world  says  that  my  inn  has 
an  advantage  over  other  fields  of  activity 
in  that  I  have  so  many  friends  that  give 
their  best  to  me,  but  I  deny  such  a  statement, 
and  would  say  that  all  lines  of  work  offer 
similar  friends,  who  will  give  of  their  very 
being  if  economic  conditions  will  only  allow 


Art  135 

the  worker  to  adopt  my  method  of  procedure. 
And  so  in  a  confidential  vein  I  would  tell 
you  that  I  look  for  the  time  when  those  who 
stand  at  the  top  of  every  line  of  work  will  be 
enabled  to  see  friends  in  their  work,  who 
are  willing  to  give  free  expression  to  their 
very  best  feelings  in  their  presence,  and  so 
enable  them  to  secure  a  fuller  happiness  in 
passing  through  this  life  of  struggle. " 

Art  is  the  flower  of  the  accumulated  wealth 
which  has  blossomed  out  of  the  interaction 
between  the  human  being  and  his  environ- 
ment. This  flower  is  the  crystal  of  those 
feelings  of  joy,  happiness,  life,  which  have 
been  growing  up  throughout  the  ages,  and  is 
only  brought  into  blossom  through  the 
struggle  put  forth  in  the  attainment  of  a 
maturing  ideal. 

This  flower  of  human  nature  has,  during 
the  ages,  ever  been  gathering  more  beauty 
about  its  person,  until  there  has  grown  up 
within  the  person  of  the  majority  a  large 
excess  of  nobleness  which  must  find  expres- 
sion. The  coming  ages  have  a  new  task  in 
more  carefully  guarding  this  spirit  that  it 
may  not  perish  by  the  wayside. 

Opportunities  have  been  ever  increasing 
which  would  enable  the  free  expression  of 


136  Human  Nature 

feeling  in  a  manner  that  would  enable  the 
individual  to  have  consideration  for  the  whole. 
Politics  offers  to  an  ever  greater  number 
that  necessary  field,  enabling  the  whole  to 
benefit  from  the  excess  amount  of  goodness 
residing  within  man.  Politics  must  make  it 
worth  man's  while,  if  she  would  engage  his 
attention.  If  justice  is  to  reign,  there  cannot 
exist  within  society  a  condition  which  allows 
that  element  which  would  have  regard  for 
to-day  or  the  close  future  to  dominate.  Such 
a  condition  existing  in  society  would  call  for 
that  element  governing  which  was  disregard- 
ful  of  the  future,  and  therefore  must  in  the 
end  lead  to  waste  and  depletion  of  the  whole. 
Under  such  conditions  the  weakest  would  of  ne- 
cessity be  considered'as  dominating,  for  when 
considered  from  the  viewpoint  of  the  whole 
that  element  of  force  would  be  dominating 
which  would  ultimately  lead  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  whole.  A  condition  of  society 
which  enabled  the  weakest  element  to  domi- 
nate would  prevent  either  party  from  holding 
in  mind  the  good  of  the  whole.  Rather 
would  politics  have  degenerated  into  a  state 
which  had  lost  track  of  the  common  good,  and 
each  element  was  being  forced  to  look  ever 
more  closely  after  its  immediate  welfare,  and 


Art  137 

thus  become  ever  more  disregard! ul  of  the  dis- 
tant future.  Under  such  conditions  man  could 
not  give  his  best  to  the  whole,  and  therefore 
he  would  not  be  afforded  the  opportunity  for 
expressing  the  best  that  was  within  him. 

The  two  elements  of  society  in  a  democ- 
racy that  is  highly  developed  must  have 
matured  to  that  degree  which  will  enable 
either  to  give  way  when  the  good  of  the  whole 
is  at  stake.  Now  the  good  of  the  whole 
depends  upon  sufficient  power  being  in  exist- 
ence to  prevent  corporate  interests  or  tend- 
encies from  being  carried  too  far  either  on 
the  part  of  that  element  which  would  have 
regard  for  the  far  distant  future  or  that 
element  which  would  have  regard  for  to-day 
or  the  near  future.  That  element  which 
would  have  regard  for  the  far  distant  future 
must  be  somewhat  the  stronger,  otherwise 
progress  of  the  whole  would  cease. 

Thus  the  man  who  was  looking  far  into  the 
future  and  had  his  country's  welfare  at  heart 
would  find  no  supporting  force  if  that  ele- 
ment of  society  was  dominating  which  had 
regard  only  for  the  near  future  or  to-day. 
The  far-sighted  man  under  these  conditions 
would  find  that  his  measures  conflicted  with 
the  ideas  of  this  majority,  and  after  continu- 


138  Human  Nature 

ous  failure  would  in  most  cases  throw  his 
endeavor  into  that  activity  which  would  fur- 
nish him  with  compensation  for  endeavor  put 
forth.  Thus  the  very  best  that  this  man 
would  give  to  the  world  is  refused,  and  he 
buries  himself  in  the  securing  of  ever  more 
power,  and  he  never  has  the  opportunity  of 
giving  his  very  best  to  the  world. 

Economic  conditions  must  needs  lead  the 
individual  to  give  his  very  best  to  the  world  if 
the  state  is  to  grow  and  prosper. 

The  education  of  the  future  offers  one  of 
the  numerous  outlets  to  the  very  best  in 
man.  Colleges  can  make  it  worth  while  for 
men  who  have  arrived  at  a  high  state  of  pro- 
ficiency in  various  lines  of  work  to  give  their 
best  to  the  future.  Not  that  this  best  should 
be  given  without  the  individuals  receiving 
any  recompense.  All  human  beings  must 
live  through  exertion,  and  why  expect  that 
the  best  should  be  done  without  receiving 
in  return  that  sustaining  power  which  per- 
mits life  to  continue?  Why  not  increase 
the  power  of  approbation  and  respect  which 
attach  themselves  to  these  opportunities  for 
giving  true  expression  to  the  very  best  that 
resides  within  the  being,  and  so  prevent  the 
human  mind  from  becoming  imbued  with  such 


Art  139 

a  feeling  of  antipathy  towards  money  that 
giving  of  one's  best  must  be  without  recom- 
pense, if  it  is  truly  given,  or  if  recompense 
is  considered  the  feeling  cannot  help  but  make 
itself  felt  that  the  best  is  not  there? 

And  what  affords  the  greatest  pleasure  to 
human  nature,  if  it  be  not  the  giving  away  of 
success,  which  is  the  outcome  of  struggle,  to 
the  future,  in  order  that  the  future  may  profit 
and  the  whole  may  be  better  enabled  to 
progress? 


EDUCATION 

EDUCATION  is  the  means  which  the  day  and 
age  offer  to  that  vital  force  within  us  of  dis- 
covering the  most  harmonious  way  of  inter- 
acting with  the  individual  environment. 
Thus  we  see  that  education  is  not  a  mere 
training  which  starts  at  one  period  and 
stops  at  another,  but  is  the  leading  of  the 
stronger  element  of  force  residing  within 
human  nature  to  secure  the  dominating 
control  and  thus  create  a  ruling  tendency 
towards  the  discovery  of  truth  for  self.  Thus 
education  embodies  the  cultivation  of  all 
those  faculties  which  tend  towards  bringing 
about  a  greater  condition  of  coordination 
in  the  attainment  of  life's  goal. 

With  the  education  and  growth  of  the 
individual  there  must,  in  turn,  take  place 
a  corresponding  growth  of  interests  which 
promote  pleasurable  feelings. 

The  exercise  of  a  faculty  which  associates 
pleasurable  feeling  with  its  growth  is  the 
beginning  of  a  foundation  which  has  pleasur- 
140 


Education  141 

able  feeling  as  its  stimulus.  It  is  preponder- 
ance of  feeling  which  regulates  our  endeavor. 

The  demand  made  upon  education  is  that 
she  shall  build  up  a  feeling  of  pleasure  and 
have  this  associated  with  the  work  accom- 
plished, so  that  when  the  early  schooling  is 
over  interest  will  have  been  aroused,  and 
this  spark  will  create  a  feeling  of  exaltation 
which  finds  expression  in  greater  endeavor. 
Contact  with  the  world  opens  up  further 
channels  which  will  lead  to  the  erection 
of  monuments,  which  act  as  constant  remind- 
ers of  our  past,  and  hence  are  the  guideposts 
directing  us  to  pleasurable  or  non-pleasurable 
feelings,  or  to  happiness  or  unhappiness. 

Happiness  being  the  main  goal  of  life,  we 
will  consider  Samuel  Johnson's  definition, 
for  the  moment.  "  Happiness  consists  in  the 
multiplicity  of  agreeable  consciousnesses." 
Consciousness  is  the  evolution  of  feeling  into 
tangible  form,  therefore  the  two  are  inextric- 
ably related.  Thus  education  is  the  embodi- 
ment of  morality. 

The  fact  can  never  be  lost  sight  of,  that 
pleasurable  feelings  must  gradually  be  evolved 
in  connection  with  the  eternal  laws  which 
have  regard  for  the  whole.  For  feelings 
generated  by  acts  which  have  sole  regard 


Human  Nature 


for  the  individual,  and  in  which  the  out- 
side world  has  no  share,  are  imperceptibly 
tending  towards  feelings  of  depression  ;  which 
feelings  are  in  turn  the  prompters  of  inaction, 
fear,  distrust,  pessimism,  etc.  Therefore 
seek  to  discover  in  all  work  or  pleasure  some 
relationship  to  the  eternal  laws,  for  in  so 
doing  we  are  erecting  a  means  of  solving  for 
ourselves  those  difficulties  which  the  future 
holds  in  store,  —  difficulties  which,  arising 
on  the  spur  of  the  moment,  must  be  solved 
alone  and  immediately,  and  it  is  upon  such 
decisions  as  this  that  many  of  us  sink  or 
swim. 

The  totality  of  good  feeling  which  inter- 
action with  our  environment  has  generated 
within  us  is  the  embodiment  of  that  love 
which  we  have  for  our  fellow-men.  For  in 
proportion  as  man  finds  pleasure  in  his  work, 
so  will  he  desire  to  share  those  feelings  with 
his  fellow-men. 

The  question  arises  as  to  what  the  vital 
force  is  which  creates  the  need  for  education. 
Summed  up  in  a  few  words  we  find  that 
education  consists  in  teaching  others  to 
discover  for  themselves  the  great  universal 
truths  which  they  feel  the  need  of  under- 
standing. Discovery  creates  interest  and 


Education  143 

promotes  personal  confidence  and  responsi- 
bility, two  moving  forces  of  the  most  intrinsic 
worth  in  the  formation  of  character.  The 
laws  of  growth  call  for  education. 

Each  representative  of  the  force  human 
nature  which  is  to  receive  direction  as  regards 
the  acquisition  of  a  fuller  understanding  of 
the  eternal  laws  must  needs  be  of  a  differ- 
ent potentiality. 

The  real  province  of  education  is  to 
help  individuals  to  discover  for  themselves 
the  relationship  between  facts.  A  large 
acquisition  of  facts  unassimilated  by  a 
majority  ultimately  leads  to  false  values 
being  placed  on  all  the  phenomena  of  life. 
One  nervous  system  may  find  tangible  reality 
in  the  facts  he  is  seeking  to  assimilate,  an- 
other nervous  system  may  not  be  fully 
enough  advanced  to  ever  truly  assimilate 
the  facts,  and  under  these  circumstances 
theory  and  practice  should  be  brought  closer 
together,  for  otherwise  the  individual  will  be 
building  up  a  false  foundation  to  his  structure. 
Thus  all  individuals  are  not  able  to  receive 
the  same  education.  The  education  which 
seeks  to  force  knowledge  upon  the  nervous 
system  which  is  unable  to  assimilate  it  is 
gradually  building  up  a  false  valuation  in  the 


144  Human  Nature 

minds  of  its  pupils  as  regards  their  own  worth 
and  their  place  in  the  world. 

Higher  education  should  place  the  whole 
responsibility  for  learning  upon  the  student, 
so  that  his  sinking  or  swimming  will  be 
absolutely  dependent  upon  his  power  for 
assimilating  the  knowledge  offered. 


NECESSITY 

^THE  laws  of  evolution  show  that  growth  is 
not  a  free  moral  agent  but  is  dependent  upon 
three  elements  for  its  continuance.  In  pro- 
portion as  force  gives  conscious  recognition  to 
these  three  elements  which  make  up  its  being 
is  it  enabled  to  increase  its  potentiality. 

Thus  for  force  to  exist  and  increase  its 
potentiality  there  is  the  ever  growing  neces- 
sity for  recognizing  the  need  for  some  oppos- 
ing forces  which  will  prevent  corporate 
interests  or  tendencies  from  being  carried 
too  far. 

Humanity  has  been  gradually  evolving 
into  consciousness  an  understanding  which 
"  perceives  freedom  in  the  form  of  necessity. " 

Human  nature  has  ever  been  seeking  to 
escape  from  the  truth  that  she  was  not 
omnipotent  and  everlasting,  and  hence  has 
arisen  the  great  difficulty  in  establishing  a 
workable  relationship  between  the  three 
elements  which  govern  her  existence.  She 
has,  as  in  the  development  of  any  new  organ, 

10  145 


146  Human  Nature 

exercised  each  one  of  the  elements  which 
promoted  her  growth,  to  excess,  and  has 
each  time  brought  about  a  reaction  which 
established  the  individuality  or  special  use 
of  this  element  in  the  mind  of  the  majority. 

This  concentration  of  interest  by  human 
nature  on  one  special  element  has  eventually 
forced  her  to  give  more  regard  to  the  other 
two,  because  under  all  conditions  there  was 
a  continuous  interaction  between  the  three 
elements  which  permitted  of  growth,  and 
overdevelopment  of  one  was  bound  to  force 
into  clearer  light  the  reality  of  one  of 
the  other  two  elements  which  were  being 
neglected.  Growth  forces  an  increasing  in- 
teraction to  take  place  between  the  three 
elements  of  force.  This  increased  interaction 
has  developed  each  of  the  three  elements. 
Hence  blind  necessity  or  the  spark  of  growth 
has  been  the  propelling  power  furnished 
human  nature  wherewith  she  might  increase 
her  potentiality. 

The  latent  feeling  within  growth,  or  the 
necessity  for  expansion,  has  brought  the 
three  elements  which  promote  the  growth  of 
human  nature  into  closer  communion.  If 
the  interaction  between  these  three  elements 
had  not  been  carried  to  the  degree  which  it 


Necessity  147 

has,  human  nature  could  not  have  developed 
its  potentiality  to  the  present  state.  If 
progress  and  growth  have  been  dependent  in 
the  past  upon  this  interaction  taking  place, 
why  consider  that,  if  necessity  is  removed 
so  that  interaction  no  longer  has  to  take  place 
to  a  marked  degree  between  the  three  ele- 
ments which  permit  of  its  existence,  growth 
will  continue?  :  If  the  compelling  force  of 
necessity  is  removed,  which  says  that  unless 
you  have  regard  for  yourself,  your  neighbor, 
and  the  parent  who  furnishes  you  with 
nourishment,  or  the  environment,  you  will 
waste  away,  then  it  would  seem  that  all  the 
experience  of  the  past  ages,  which  recognizes 
in  necessity  the  prime  mover  of  growth, 
was  being  cast  to  the  winds.  If  to  live  it  no 
longer  becomes  necessary  to  work  to  any 
fuller  degree  than  that  element  of  force  which 
would  have  regard  for  the  present  and  dis- 
regard the  future  demands,  then  a  controlling 
element  of  the  force  will  have  secured  the 
upper  hand,  which  is  destructive  rather  than 
constructive  in  nature  when  considered  in 
relationship  to  the  growth  of  the  whole. 
Necessity  no  longer  demanding  the  fullest 
exercise  of  the  faculties,  the  human  race  will 
gradually  degenerate. 


148  Human  Nature 

Thus  to  seek  to  make  life  an  absolutely  sure 
thing  from  beginning  to  end,  so  that  whether 
man  puts  forth  his  best  endeavor  or  no  he 
will  be  cared  for,  is  absolutely  denying  all 
the  laws  of  growth  which  say  that  for  man  to 
develop  he  must  feel  the  compelling  force 
of  necessity,  which  drives  him  to  interact  with 
his  fellow-men  and  the  parent  that  furnishes 
the  nourishment.  Lack  of  interaction  be- 
tween these  three  elements  leads  to  the  dis- 
sipation of  force. 

Man  must  always  have  the  feeling  of  neces- 
sity in  existence,  which  says  that  my  life  and 
happiness  depend  upon  my  exertion,  and  that 
if  I  fail  to  continue  togrowl  become  a  parasite. 
Growth  with  the  human  being  depends  upon 
the  amount  of  harmony  coming  forth  from 
the  interaction  taking  place  between  himself, 
his  neighbor,  and  the  parent  that  furnishes 
the  nourishment. 

All  morality,  religion,  progress,  is  the  di- 
recting of  human  force  into  channels  which 
will  ultimately  care  for  the  good  of  the  whole. 
If  these  channels  remain  undiscovered 
force  will  become  dissipated.  These  chan- 
nels furnished  by  the  parent  have  been 
offering  a  larger  and  larger  outlet  to  natural 
tendencies. 


Necessity  149 

Growth  is  the  outcome  of  interaction, 
necessity  is  the  compelling  power  which 
leads  to  interaction,  therefore  necessity  is 
the  embodiment  of  growth. 

Force  affords  but  one  example  demon- 
strating its  capacity  for  evolving  into  con- 
sciousness laws  which  would  have  regard 
for  the  good  of  the  whole.  Laws  which  would 
have  regard  for  the  whole  call  for  the  growth 
of  the  individual,  his  neighbor,  and  the 
parent,  or  environment,  that  furnishes  the 
nourishment.  Waste  of  any  one  of  these 
elements  leads  in  time  to  the  waste  of  the 
whole.  Hence  what  is  good  for  the  whole  is 
good  for  me,  what  is  good  for  me  is  good  for 
the  whole. 

Man,  considering  the  parent,  or  environ- 
ment, with  whom  he  is  continuously  inter- 
acting, as  everlasting,  will  in  time  treat  this 
parent  with  disregard,  feeling  no  need  of 
conserving  the  parent's  interests. 

If  man  recognizes  that  his  life  and  the 
future  life  of  the  human  race  are  dependent 
upon  the  conservation  of  the  parent's  interests 
or  resources,  and  that  eventually  the  waste 
of  one  leads  to  the  waste  of  the  other,  he  will 
discover  that  an  all  powerful  and  compelling 
force  of  necessity  has  arisen,  which  would 


150  Human  Nature 

oppose  that  force  which  had  regard  but  for 
to-day  with  a  force  which  had  regard  for  the 
future  well-being  of  humanity. 

Humanity  must  give  recognition  to  the  two 
interacting  elements  within  its  own  being. 
The  one  would  have  regard  but  for  the  pres- 
ent and  near  future,  and  so  would  be  creating 
a  tendency  which  had  less  and  less  regard 
for  the  other  two  elements  which  allow  of  its 
existence.  The  other  element  would  have 
regard  but  for  the  future,  and  would  so  be 
creating  a  tendency  which  had  less  and  less 
regard  for  the  individual  or  the  present,  and 
so  would  be  gradually  neglecting  the  other 
two  elements  which  allowed  of  its  existence. 
Both  tendencies  during  the  evolution  of  the 
human  race  have,  as  with  those  tendencies 
which  prompt  the  development  of  all  new 
organs,  overstepped  the  mark,  before  the 
individuality  or  special  use  of  the  organ  was 
established  in  the  mind  of  the  majority. 

Those  tendencies  which  would  care  for  the 
whole,  but  would  lead  to  the  neglect  of  the  in- 
dividual, must  in  the  end,  if  no  natural  checks 
are  encountered,  lead  to  the  waste  and  dissi- 
pation of  force,  because,  less  and  less  thought 
being  given  to  recognition  of  the  individual, 
necessity  becomes  less  and  less  a  factor  in 


Necessity  151 

compelling  him  to  do  his  best,  his  energies 
become  directed  more  and  more  into  channels 
which  would  care  for  the  good  of  the  whole, 
and  economic  conditions  eventually  lead  to 
consideration  for  the  good  of  the  whole  at 
the  present  moment.  Some  are  saying  that 
the  good  of  the  whole  at  the  present  mo- 
ment calls  for  a  state  of  equality  in  which  no 
man  is  superior  to  another. 

All  life  shows  that  the  two  elements  com- 
prising any  force  cannot  be  equal,  that  th« 
one  of  a  more  constructive  nature  must 
control  to  a  fuller  degree  if  the  good  of  the 
whole,  or  the  distant  future,  is  to  be  con- 
sidered. That  the  element  of  the  force 
which  would  have  regard  for  to-day  must 
dominate  in  turn,  so  as  to  prevent  its  oppo- 
nent from  carrying  tendencies  too  far,  is  self 
evident,  but  its  strength  cannot  be  that  of 
the  prime  moving  element  of  the  force. 
Thus  socialism,  or  that  state  of  equality 
which  would  permit  that  element  of  the  force 
human  nature  which  had  regard  for  to-day 
or  the  near  future  to  gain  the  ascendency, 
there  to  remain,  would  be  defying  all  the 
laws  of  nature,  and  would  ultimately  lead 
to  the  downfall  of  human  nature.  Thus 
equality  carried  to  extremes  leads  to  waste 


152  Human  Nature 

of  the  environment  and  the  downfall  of 
humanity.  Liberty  carried  to  extremes, 
or  the  development  of  individuality,  leads 
to  the  waste  of  the  environment  and  ultimate 
downfall  of  humanity. 

It  becomes  more  noticeable,  on  further 
scrutiny,  that  any  attempt  on  the  part  of 
humanity  to  bring  about  a  condition  of  equal- 
ity in  the  present  state  of  society,  with  the 
parent  or  environment  furnishing  such  a 
variety  of  interests,  is  directly  opposed  to 
all  the  laws  of  life  or  growth. 

The  question  arises  as  to  whether  all  men 
are  equal  before  the  universal  laws,  or  before 
those  almighty  manifestations  of  force  with 
which  he  is  compelled  to  interact  in  order  to 
live.  Man  interacts  with  outward  forces  in 
proportion  to  the  potentiality  of  the  force 
residing  within  his  own  person.  Thus  man  is 
placed  in  a  state  of  equality  with  his  fellow- 
men  at  only  two  periods  during  his  existence, 
namely  at  birth  and  death,  and  in  reality  this 
is  not  an  absolute  state  of  equality.  The 
amount  of  force  which  each  individual  pos- 
sesses is  very  different,  and  therefore  the 
amount  of  force  which  interacts  with  outward 
forces  is  very  different,  and  the  results  are 
bound  to  be  dissimilar.  The  universal  laws, 


Necessity  153 

or  the  direction  of  our  inward  force  in  a  way 
which  would  lead  to  the  highest  develop- 
ment of  individuality  and  therefore  the  good 
of  the  whole,  act  with  not  equal  justice  on 
any  two  individuals. 

Humanity  is  made  up  of  individuals,  no 
two  of  which  comprise  the  same  amount  of 
force.  Interaction  between  dissimilar  forces 
cannot  produce  similar  forces,  hence  to  seek 
to  bring  about  a  state  of  equality  in  the 
realm  of  humanity  is  working  towards 
destruction,  when  the  weaker  element  of 
force,  or  that  which  would  have  regard  but 
for  the  near  future,  has  secured  the  dominat- 
ing control. 

Humanity  calls  at  this  time  for  the  basic 
laws  governing  the  existence  of  life,  which 
when  used  as  the  foundation  for  a  new  stage 
in  the  world's  history  will  inaugurate  tend- 
encies that  will  seek  to  give  to  each  individual 
force  born  in  the  garb  of  human  nature  the 
greatest  opportunity  for  interacting  with 
outward  forces  so  as  to  develop  the  potenti- 
ality of  this  force  to  a  high  state. 

The  function  of  the  state  is  to  promote 
economic  conditions  which  will  lead  to  the 
development  of  individuality  to  an  ever- 
increasing  degree. 


154  Human  Nature 

Humanity  has  proven  that  she  was  in- 
capable of  regulating  her  conduct  to  a  degree 
which  would  allow  of  her  calling  a  halt,  and 
so  preventing  a  new  interest  of  the  majority 
from  overstepping  the  mark  and  causing 
waste.  This  overstepping  of  the  mark,  on  the 
part  of  the  majority,  has  been  held  in  check 
for  longer  and  longer  periods  of  time  through 
the  increasing  number  of  interests  offered 
by  the  parent  to  that  animal  instinct  which 
would  exercise  power  at  any  cost.  The 
reactions  taking  place  at  these  longer  inter- 
vals of  time  have  been  ever  accompanied  by 
vaster  waste  of  humanity  and  the  parent, 
until  at  present  the  whole  world  is  almost 
in  a  state  of  conflagration. 

If  humanity  and  the  parent  were  to  suffer, 
through  the  majority  overstepping  the  mark, 
a  similar  depletion  of  constitution  to  the  one 
that  is  now  taking  place,  it  becomes  ever 
more  evident  that  such  would  be  the  resulting 
weakness  to  parent  and  child  that  neither 
would  have  sufficient  remaining  vitality  to 
reach  that  stage  of  human  development  in 
this  world  in  which  the  majority  would  con- 
trol through  constructive  laws  the  destiny 
of  the  human  race,  and  thus  be  bringing  into 
reality  that  forecast  made  so  long  ago,  as 


Necessity  155 

regards  an  ultimate  state  of  "Peace  on  earth, 
good  will  towards  men. " 

The  millennium  marks  that  period  in  the 
development  of  the  human  race  when  human 
nature  has  arrived  at  a  state  of  manhood  and 
womanhood.  It  will  stand  for  that  stage 
in  the  development  of  the  human  race  which 
allowed  all  of  the  great  tendencies  to  be 
directed  towards  the  development  of  individ- 
uality, which  in  turn  calls  for  an  understand- 
ing, or  a  state  of  toleration,  existing  between 
the  three  elements  that  govern  the  life  of 
human  nature. 

Man,  when  he  has  discovered  that  he  is  not 
omnipotent,  comes  to  the  realization  that  for 
his  highest  development  he  must  create 
an  opposing  force  that  can  develop  at  the 
same  time  as  himself.  The  opposing  force 
will  have  been  in  existence  but  will  not  have 
been  given  conscious  recognition.  Thus  we 
will  consider  how  humanity  can  allow  two 
forces  to  come  into  conscious  recognition  at 
the  present  time  which  will  prevent  the 
corporate  interests  or  tendencies  of  either 
from  overstepping  the  mark  and  thus  care 
for  the  future  well-being  of  humanity. 

Kipling  says,  "East  to  East,  and  West 
to  West,  and  never  the  twain  shall  meet." 


156  Human  Nature 

Thus  we  have  the  world  divided  off  into  two 
distinct  forces,  whose  beliefs  and  customs 
are  bound  to  be  very  dissimilar,  due  to  age, 
climate,  etc.  These  two  forces  have  natur- 
ally developed,  and  the  time  has  now  come  for 
humanity  to  recognize  consciously  this  divi- 
sion, and  allow  the  East  and  the  West  to 
gradually  develop  its  customs  and  beliefs 
through  the  interaction  that  will  take  place 
between  the  two  distinctive  members  of  the 
whole. 


UNDERSTANDING 

WE  have  had  the  Religion  of  forgiveness 
exercising  its  influence  through  the  ages, 
and  does  not  the  union  of  Religion  and 
Science  evolve  a  Religion  of  understanding, 
which  calls  for  a  "mutual  toleration  based 
on  respect  for  the  various  idiosyncrasies  of 
man"? 

Forgiveness  calls  for  the  taking  of  the 
phenomena  of  nature  on  faith,  but  how  is  it 
possible  say  for  the  Belgians  to  forgive  the 
Germans?  Does  not  the  union  of  Religion 
and  Science  offer  us  a  sufficient  understanding 
as  regards  the  laws  of  nature  to  be  enabled, 
through  greater  exertion  it  may  all  be,  to 
arrive  at  conclusions  which  will  enable  us  to 
hold  in  mind  an  understanding  as  regards  the 
great  movements  throughout  the  world  or  in 
everyday  life?  Such  an  understanding  does 
not  create  within  us  any  feeling  which  especi- 
ally prompts  the  overcoming  of  evil  with 
good,  or  a  sacrifice  of  oneself  to  injustice. 
In  other  words,  if  a  neighbor  has  committed 


158  Human  Nature 

an  injustice,  it  becomes  necessary  to  give 
consideration  to  the  three  elements  that 
permit  of  growth  and  the  seeking  to  bring 
about  a  readjustment  which  will  be  beneficial 
to  the  whole.  Forgiveness  would  drop  the 
matter  and  seek  to  forget  the  wrong  that  had 
been  done.  But  this  attempt  to  stifle  the 
conscience  and  forget  the  wrong,  when 
humanity  has  developed  to  a  higher  stage,  is 
the  simple  way  of  escaping  the  trouble  for 
the  time  being,  but  very  often  leads  to  bad 
results  in  the  long  run. 

The  attempt  to  forget  a  wrong  often  leads 
a  person  to  throw  his  energies  into  the 
accomplishment  of  that  for  which  he  is  not 
fitted.  And  this  bending  of  the  energies 
to  the  accomplishment  of  an  impossible  task 
might  be  merely  a  seeking  on  the  part  of  the 
individual  to  prove  that  the  injustice  was  an 
injustice.  If  an  understanding  took  the 
place  of  the  injustice  then  the  feelings  would 
not  become  so  misdirected  in  the  seeking  to 
accomplish  a  hopeless  task. 


JUSTICE 

JUSTICE  is  the  direction  of  force  along  lines 
which  allow  of  its  interaction  with  other 
forces  in  a  manner  which  permits  of  the 
growth  of  the  whole  with  an  ever-decreasing 
amount  of  waste.  Thus  justice  finds  as  its 
representative  in  the  realm  of  human  nature, 
law.  Law  in  turn  we  have  discovered  to  be 
the  director  of  force. 

Law  as  a  director  of  force  is  compelled  to 
change  in  order  to  care  for  the  interaction 
that  takes  place  between  forces  of  a  changing 
potentiality.  Hence  justice  which  is  em- 
bodied in  law  must,  as  with  all  other  phe- 
nomena in  the  world,  be  in  a  state  of  change. 

The  parent  or  environment  is  the  ultimate 
resort  to  which  appeal  must  be  made  for  a 
helping  hand  in  the  evolving  of  new  laws  to 
care  for  a  larger  whole.  If  the  parent's 
interests  are  being  wasted  by  the  majority 
then  eventually  human  nature  as  a  whole  is 
bound  to  suffer.  Human  nature  will  be 
enabled  to  grow  as  a  whole  as  long  as  the 
159 


160  Human  Nature 

parent  or  environment  furnishes  sufficient 
interests  which  hold  the  attention  of  her 
children.  When  the  children  are  no  longer 
able  to  interact  with  outward  forces  which 
furnish  nourishment,  and  are  in  turn  unable 
to  grow  through  the  lack  of  interaction, 
then  the  force  of  human  nature  will  become 
dissipated. 

Economical  use  of  the  parent's  interests 
leads  to  the  slow  growth  of  parent  and  child. 
The  fundamental  law  of  life  is  growth. 
The  great  conscious  moral  law  of  life  is  con- 
sideration as  regards  the  growth  of  the 
individual.  Growth  of  the  whole  calls  for 
recognition  of  oneself,  one's  neighbor,  and  the 
parent  that  furnishes  the  nourishment. 
Consideration  for  the  three  elements  which 
permit  of  the  existence  of  force  calls  for 
interaction  taking  place  between  the  human 
being  and  his  environment  in  such  a  way  as 
will  develop  the  potentiality  of  his  force  to  a 
high  degree,  which  in  turn  will  be  caring 
for  the  distant  ages  of  humanity.  Growth 
of  the  whole  leads  humanity  to  care  for  the 
future  generations,  waste  of  the  whole  leads 
humanity  to  become  utterly  disregardful 
of  her  children's  welfare,  or  the  length  of 
time  she  would  give  human  nature  to 


Justice  161 

live  and  retain  sufficient  force  to  resist 
dissolution. 

Humanity  in  wasting  the  whole  is  not  only 
destroying  herself,  but  is  shortening  the  time 
of  human  nature's  life.  With  this  matured 
understanding  of  what  the  waste  of  the  whole 
means,  it  would  seem  that,  with  almost  the 
entire  world  in  a  state  of  conflagration,  some 
medium  path  would  be  evolved,  which  would 
once  more  bring  the  good  of  the  whole  into 
view,  and  that  under  these  conditions  both 
elements  of  the  force  human  nature  would  be 
willing  to  give  way  and  start  once  more  to 
grow. 

The  whole  world  almost  being  consumed 
in  flame  is  tangible  evidence  that  all  thought 
of  the  future  has  been  lost  track  of,  and  that 
the  present  holds  the  human  mind  spell- 
bound. 

"Civilization  is  only  possible  through 
the  active  cooperation  of  its  citizens,  and 
their  willingness  to  subordinate  private 
interests  to  the  common  good.  " 

Humanity  as  a  whole  is  passing  through 
the  crisis  period  in  her  growth.  Fear  of  the 
future  with  its  threats  of  torment  has  been 
becoming  less  and  less  of  a  reality,  and 
hence  this  great  restraining  power,  which  has 

IX 


1 62  Human  Nature 

been  exercising  such  influence  through  the 
ages,  being  suddenly  thrown  aside  altogether 
by  one  people  has  brought  about  the  natural 
consequences.  The  whole  world  has  been 
partner  to  this  tendency  which,  overstepping 
the  mark,  has  led  humanity  to  lose  sight 
of  the  far  distant  future  and  allow  its  atten- 
tion to  be  held  by  the  near  future. 

As  descriptive  of  one  manifestation  of  the 
three  elements  which  allow  of  the  growth  of 
human  nature  in  the  present  state  of  society, 
let  us  consider  a  law  court  in  a  democracy. 
Here  one  finds  the  citizen  his  neighbor,  the 
whole  community,  or  the  jury.  Interaction 
between  these  three  forces  evolves  justice. 
Remove  one  of  the  forces  and  you  are  no 
longer  able  to  secure  justice.  If  the  state 
were  able  to  give  evidence,  without  having 
to  prove  its  statements  through  opposition, 
truth  would  soon  be  dispensed  with,  and 
the  road  of  least  resistance  would  be  taken. 
The  state  in  making  its  claim  without  op- 
position would  accredit  itself  with  absolute 
knowledge  of  all  evidence  that  was  necessary 
for  the  full  exercise  of  justice.  Hence  the  state 
would  make  the  claim  that  it  was  infallible 
and  endowed  with  supernatural  power  which 
enabled  it  to  see  the  case  from  all  sides.  The 


Justice  163 

state  under  most  circumstances  does  not  as- 
sume this  divine  power,  but  says  that  only 
through  the  interaction  taking  place  between 
my  claims  and  the  claims  of  the  accused 
citizen,  with  this  interaction  being  forced  to 
take  place  to  a  fuller  degree  by  the  third  power 
or  jury,  which  represents  the  whole,  is  it 
possible  to  decide  how  justice  shall  be  meted 
out  so  as  best  to  serve  the  community  and 
the  individual. 

The  question  arises  as  to  how  anyone 
can  serve  his  own  conscience  and  defend 
a  guilty  man.  Justice  could  not  be  meted 
out  to  the  guilty  man  unless  his  point  of 
view  were  brought  forth  in  a  way  which 
seemed  just  to  him.  The  state,  combating 
his  point  of  view  with  the  best  evidence  it 
can  produce,  forces  into  light  numerous  side 
issues  which  would  otherwise  have  remained 
undiscovered.  The  jury,  representing  the 
body  politic,  forces  the  state  and  the  citizen 
to  be  ever  more  clear,  and  in  this  way  the 
three  elements  of  society  are  receiving 
recognition. 

If  the  state,  having  the  citizen  in  its  power, 
were  to  say  that  he  was  guilty  and  thereupon 
pronounce  sentence,  it  would  be  accrediting 
itself  with  the  divine  power  of  exercising 


164  Human  Nature 

justice  without  opposition,  or  of  having 
knowledge  in  its  possession  which  enabled 
it  to  weigh  the  present,  past,  and  future 
absolutely  and  to  the  letter.  As  civilization 
progresses,  man  comes  to  realize  more  and 
more  that  he  is  fallible,  so  that  the  state 
is  coming  to  feel  less  and  less  that  it  is  infallible. 
The  truth  is  that  force  in  the  garb  of  human 
nature  is  never  altogether  bad,  and  therefore 
justice,  if  it  is  being  exercised,  must  allow 
this  force  to  demonstrate  its  right  to  live. 
A  citizen  in  a  civilized  community  may 
seek  to  gain  his  ends  through  the  methods 
of  an  earlier  stage  of  civilization,  and  kill 
his  neighbor.  This  does  not  prove  the  man 
to  be  all  bad,  for  if  it  did,  then  that  civiliza- 
tion which  existed  centuries  ago  and  justi- 
fied the  use  of  killing  as  a  means  to  an  end 
must  be  considered  as  absolutely  bad.  The 
state  under  certain  circumstances  has  been 
considering  man  as  absolutely  bad,  beyond 
redemption,  and  therefore  the  good  of  the 
whole  was  sufficiently  in  jeopardy  to  warrant 
the  taking  of  life.  In  other  words,  one 
element  of  force  says  that,  to  enable  the  other 
two  elements  of  force  to  exist,  the  two  ele- 
ments have  the  right  to  crush  the  soul  out  of 
the  third  element.  Is  this  a  just  law,  when  a 


Justice  165 

high  state  of  civilization  has  been  reached, 
and  when  the  man  that  the  state  accuses  of 
being  all  bad  could  be  placed  in  surroundings 
that  would  prevent  him  from  harming  the 
community,  and  might  in  the  end  lead  the 
stronger  element  of  the  force  within  him  to 
secure  the  upper  hand?  The  settlement  of 
this  world-wide  conflict  will  rest  upon  this 
very  point. 

One  side  in  this  war  says  that  the  other 
side  is  absolutely  wrong  and  would  seek 
to  crush  the  soul.  With  almost  the  whole 
world  involved  in  the  conflict,  there  is  no 
third  party,  such  as  the  jury,  which  can 
force  an  interaction  to  take  place  between 
the  claims  of  the  one  side  and  the  other, 
and  thus  eventually  evolve  justice.  There 
would  seem  to  be  but  one  recourse  under  the 
existing  conditions,  namely,  that  the  parent, 
or  environment,  on  whom  all  are  dependent, 
should  place  before  each  side  the  claims  of 
the  other,  and  seek  to  show  how  there  is  an 
absolute  necessity  for  a  giving  way  on  both 
sides,  if  new  laws  are  to  be  evolved  which 
will  have  regard  for  the  good  of  the  whole. 

If  either  side  wins  out  in  this  conflict  to  a 
degree  which  prevents  the  just  claims  of  the 
other  side  from  receiving  the  due  regard  that 


166  Human  Nature 

must  be  given  in  order  that  new  laws  may  be 
evolved  which  will  have  regard  for  the  good 
of  the  whole  and  the  good  of  the  individual, 
then  civilization  will  not  have  profited 
through  the  world-wide  conflict  and  the 
fate  of  humanity  is  sealed,  for  she  will  be 
forever  prevented  from  arriving  at  the  man- 
hood and  womanhood  stage  of  human  nature. 
But  humanity  has  not  struggled  to  this 
height,  to  be  unwilling  to  have  regard  for 
the  good  of  the  whole,  give  way,  and  exer- 
cise toleration  at  the  critical  point  of  the 
world's  history. 

Let  the  whole  world  seek  to  see  more 
clearly  that  for  which  the  two  forces  stand. 
Such  an  understanding  calls  for  an  examin- 
ation of  the  tendencies  or  corporate  interests 
working  in  the  several  countries.  During  the 
following  consideration,  it  will  be  necessary 
to  continuously  hold  in  mind  the  several 
laws  governing  the  development  of  life.  In 
the  development  of  any  new  organ  so  much 
nourishment  is  called  forth  from  the  body 
politic  that  eventually  a  reaction  takes  place, 
and  the  new  organ  and  the  whole  establish  a 
workable  relationship.  Such  a  reaction  is 
brought  about  by  one  organ  in  an  organism 
refusing  any  longer  to  supply  nourishment  to 


Justice  167 

that  organ  which,  being  sufficiently  matured, 
should  be  caring  for  itself,  and  thus  be  making 
its  special  use  or  individuality  felt.  If  the 
parent  refuses  to  give  the  new  organ  its 
independence  when  it  has  grown  to  a  state 
which  allows  of  its  securing  its  own  nourish- 
ment, then  a  growing  antagonism  arises 
between  parent  and  child,  which,  increasing 
in  force,  uses  up  the  vitality  of  both  at  an 
ever-increasing  rate.  If  the  child  under 
these  conditions  does  not  finally  secure 
independence  then  both,  in  working  against 
each  other,  lose  track  of  the  good  of  the  whole, 
and  the  whole  is  gradually  sacrificed  to  the 
growing  antagonism  between  parent  and 
child.  Such  antagonism  would  show  a  fear 
on  the  part  of  the  parent  to  allow  the  child  to 
gain  independence  lest  this  independence  lead 
to  the  child's  combining  with  other  forces 
against  the  parent.  Under  these  artificial 
conditions  parent  and  child  become  weaker 
and  weaker,  until  at  last  some  organ  refuses 
any  longer  to  supply  the  new  organ  with 
nourishment  and  demands  that  the  new  organ 
now  take  care  of  itself.  For  one  organ  to 
step  forth  and  refuse  to  furnish  nourishment 
any  longer  to  the  new  organ  would  call 
not  for  any  half-way  measures,  but  an 


168  Human  Nature 

absolute  denial  of  its  willingness  to  furnish 
nourishment  to  the  new  organ.  Thus  would 
be  created  a  break  between  the  new,  the 
parent,  and  this  one  organ  which  had  sepa- 
rated itself  from  the  whole.  If  the  combined 
forces  of  parent,  and  child  won  out  against 
the  organ  that  refused  any  longer  to  furnish 
nourishment  to  the  child,  then  the  whole 
organism  would  be  weakened  to  such  an 
extent  that  parent  and  child  would  become 
ever  more  dependent  one  on  the  other,  but 
the  same  antagonism  would  be  smoldering 
and  would  continue  wasting  the  force  of  the 
whole  until  it  became  dissipated.  Again,  if 
the  organ  which  refused  any  longer  to  fur- 
nish nourishment  gained  the  day  and,  in 
the  flush  of  victory  and  desire  to  gain  back 
that  which  it  felt  it  had  lost,  forgot  the  need 
of  giving  independence  to  the  child,  then  the 
force  of  the  whole  would  be  in  the  same  dan- 
ger of  being  dissipated  as  if  the  parent  and 
child  had  won  their  point.  Thus  in  the 
settlement  of  this  dispute  a  giving  way 
on  all  sides  is  required,  that  the  good  of  the 
whole  may  once  more  come  before  the  mind 
of  the  body  politic  and  harmony  reign. 
If  the  organ  which  separated  itself  from 
all  had  not  gone  directly  opposite  to  the 


Justice  169 

prevailing  tendencies  of  the  times,  her  force 
would  have  been  insufficient,  in  the  long 
run,  to  escape  the  pressure  of  the  majority, 
and  her  struggle  to  do  what  she  considered 
right  would  have  been  in  vain.  The  over- 
stepping of  the  mark  in  one  direction  natur- 
ally calls  for  an  overstepping  of  the  mark  in 
the  other  direction.  For  when  two  forces 
are  opposed,  which  have  no  common  goal  in 
sight  towards  which  they  are  working, 
antagonism  must  of  necessity  be  continuously 
on  the  increase,  which  leads  each  to  have 
less  and  less  regard  for  the  other,  and  seek  to 
gain  more  and  more  of  that  which  the  other 
possesses. 

The  law  of  life  or  growth  applies  with  full 
force  to  the  world  crisis  which  has  arisen. 

The  great  force  residing  within  the  soul  of 
England  has  gone  into  channels  which  led  to 
the  building  up  of  a  vast  empire.  Thus 
England  has  been  accumulating  ever  more 
children,  but  the  question  arises  as  to  whether 
these  children  have  been  given  independence 
as  they  grew  up,  or  have  they  continued  to 
remain  so  dependent  that  they  became  para- 
sites, calling  for  undue  nourishment  from 
the  parent,  with  the  result  that  both  parent 
and  child  were  gradually  bringing  about  a 


17°  Human  Nature 

condition  that  fostered  waste  and  hence  dis- 
regard of  the  whole?  How  could  the  best  be 
continually  called  out  of  England  to  care  for 
an  increasing  number  of  children  without 
the  parent  suffering  from  this  loss?  How 
could  the  parent  under  these  circumstances 
care  for  her  own  welfare?  How  is  it  that 
there  has  been  such  a  large  pauper  com- 
munity in  England  if  it  has  not  been  due 
to  neglect  of  herself  in  her  attempt  to  care 
for  her  children?  Thus  do  we  not  see  ever 
more  clearly  that  what  is  good  for  the  whole 
is  good  for  me,  and  what  is  good  for  me  is 
good  for  the  whole?  In  other  words,  if  I 
neglect  myself  to  care  for  the  whole,  the 
whole  eventually  is  the  loser;  if  I  neglect  the 
whole  to  care  for  myself,  I  eventually  become 
weak  and  the  whole  is  the  loser. 

Thus  we  see  that  when  an  undertaking 
becomes  so  large  that  it  would  become  a 
monopoly  the  parent  in  the  long  run  is  lost 
sight  of,  and  the  good  of  the  whole  becomes  the 
only  consideration.  Hence  the  parent  in  time 
becomes  weak  and  the  whole  loses  strength. 
It  is  thus  possible  to  give  too  much  consider- 
ation to  the  good  of  the  whole,  and  again  it  is 
possible  to  give  too  much  consideration  to  the 
individual.  Thus  the  high-water  mark  of 


Justice  171 

democracy  calls  for  economic  conditions 
which  will  prevent  either  the  whole  or  the 
individual  from  being  given  too  much  con- 
sideration. 

Parenthood  is  a  great  incentive  to  the 
right  living  of  a  nation  if  the  sacrifices  are 
not  too  great,  for  it  takes  the  nation  out 
of  itself  and  provides  life  with  an  object.  If, 
however,  sacrifice  is  so  great  that  the  individ- 
uality of  the  nation  becomes  lost,  reaction 
of  a  deleterious  nature  takes  place  which 
affects  both  parent  and  child. 

In  a  vast  empire,  or  corporation,  children 
grow  up  to  a  state  in  which  they  are  perfect- 
ly well  able  to  care  for  themselves,  and  have 
force  sufficient  within  their  own  being  which, 
if  developed  on  their  own  responsibility, 
would  enable  them  to  prove  their  individuality 
or  special  use  to  the  world.  The  restraining 
hand  of  the  parent  forces  the  child  to  share 
the  reward  of  endeavor  forever  with  the 
parent,  and  so  it  often  happens  that  a  com- 
modity might  be  developed  in  the  required 
state  in  one  locality  at  a  great  saving,  but  the 
economic  conditions  which  the  parent  fosters 
compel  the  commodity  to  be  developed  at  an 
untold  loss  to  the  child,  that  both  may  share 
in  the  profit.  The  parent  justifies  her  claim 


Human  Nature 


to  a  share  in  the  profit,  by  reminding  the  child 
of  the  protection  that  has  been  afforded,  of 
the  rapid  progress  that  has  been  made,  and 
that  if  you  look  around  you  will  find  it  diffi- 
cult to  discover  such  a  fond  parent.  Hence 
the  child,  the  parent  says,  must  pay  back 
this  obligation  that  is  outstanding.  Will  not 
the  parent's  power  be  increased  if  she  is 
willing  to  delegate  power  to  those  children 
who  have  arrived  at  that  stage  of  devel- 
opment which  enables  them  to  care  for 
themselves? 

Does  not  justice  say  that  where  power 
exists  it  should  be  able  to  manifest  itself 
to  the  world,  and  should  not  be  expended  in 
combating  outward  forces  that  are  merely 
weakening  it  in  the  long  run?  Should 
not  that  people  that  discovers  itself  born 
in  a  country  bountifully  supplied  with  natural 
resources  be  the  one  to  profit  little  by  little 
from  the  development?  Or  is  it  for  some 
outside  people  that  possesses  great  wealth 
and  has  ages  of  civilization  to  its  credit,  to 
come  into  this  undeveloped  country  and 
seek  within  a  few  generations  to  raise  it  to 
a  state  of  civilization  which  is  on  a  plane 
with  the  highest?  Does  not  such  a  policy 
lead  to  untold  waste  in  the  long  run? 


Justice  173 

Do  not  young  countries  need  to  be  thrown 
on  their  own  resources,  to  work  out  their 
own  salvation,  with  the  restraining  hand  of 
economic  conditions  forcing  them  to  develop 
and  gradually  fall  in  with  the  laws  of  a  higher 
civilization,  if  they  would  gradually  develop 
their  country?  Or  is  the  good  of  a  new 
country  best  served  when  strangers  under 
the  protection  of  a  stable  government  are 
enabled  to  secure  a  footing  and  develop 
great  industries  within  a  few  years?  Under 
this  foreign  invasion  of  capital,  are  the  origi- 
nal inhabitants  enabled  to  develop  slowly, 
thereby  increasing  the  ability  of  the  majority, 
or  is  it  just  a  limited  few  who  profit  through 
the  exploitation  of  their  neighbors? 

Why  should  not  economic  conditions  force 
the  smaller  countries  to  develop  stable 
governments  of  their  own  making  because 
they  know  that  they  will  be  unable  to  borrow 
money  unless  they  can  persuade  the  foreigner 
that  his  investment  will  be  secure?  Again 
money  will  not  be  so  plentiful  during  the 
reconstruction  period  after  the  war.  Capital 
has  been  enabled  to  come  into  a  young 
country  backed  by  a  stable  government, 
and  the  necessity  for  a  small  country  demon- 
strating its  right  to  a  loan  has  thereby  been 


174  Human  Nature 

removed.  The  making  of  a  foreign  loan 
ever  more  secure  under  these  conditions  calls 
for  the  government  of  the  new  country  be- 
ing ever  more  under  the  control  of  those 
who  are  backed  up  by  and  a  part  of  the  stable 
government. 

Thus  it  would  seem  that  in  the  case  of  the 
British  Empire  parent  and  child  have  been 
sapping  more  and  more  nourishment  from 
each  other  and  the  good  of  the  whole  has 
been  lost  sight  of. 

Our  next  step  takes  us  over  to  Germany, 
which  seems  to  be  the  one  organ  in  the  whole 
organism  which  has  rebelled  and  absolutely 
refused  to  supply  nourishment  to  those 
children  who  should  be  earning  their  own 
livelihood.  This  refusal  to  foster  the  aims 
of  the  British  Empire  has  led  Germany  to 
overstep  the  mark  in  the  opposite  direction 
and  develop  herself  regardless  of  the  rest 
of  the  world. 

Thus  we  see  the  two  forces  that  allow  of 
growth  further  apart  than  at  any  time  during 
the  world's  history.  The  one  has  become 
disregardful  of  the  individual  in  its  attempt 
to  benefit  the  whole,  the  other  has  become 
disregardful  of  the  whole  in  its  attempt  to 
benefit  the  individual.  In  this  conflict  we 


Justice  175 

see  the  outworkings  of  the  great  laws  laid 
down  by  Religion  and  Science. 

In  the  development  of  any  new  organ  the 
tendencies  or  corporate  interests  are  bound 
to  overstep  the  mark.  So  with  Religion  and 
Science  that  have  been  working  hand  in 
hand  through  the  ages,  but  have  been  ever 
growing  further  afield,  the  clash  at  last  has 
come.  And  out  of  the  interaction  that  is 
taking  place  between  the  two  will  evolve 
new  laws  that  have  consideration  for  both, 
and  will  thus  care  to  a  fuller  degree  for  the 
humanity  of  the  future. 

During  the  approach  to  this  period  of 
world-wide  change,  we  must  take  into 
consideration  what  effect  the  removal  of  a 
future  state  wherein  punishment  was  in- 
flicted for  wrong-doing  would  have.  Man, 
with  this  restraining  hand  to  his  desire  for 
power  removed,  would  naturally  feel  himself 
all  powerful,  a  law  unto  himself;  then,  with 
such  a  feeling  uppermost,  to  be  faced  by  a 
condition  in  society  which  called  for  a  re- 
straining hand  to  be  put  on  tendencies  which 
had  been  carried  too  far,  it  is  natural  that  a 
power  grew  up  disregardful  of  all  the  law, 
customs,  and  beliefs  of  humanity. 

The  union  of  Religion  and  Science  evolves  a 


176  Human  Nature 

force  that  will  have  to  grow  in  power  so  as  to 
counteract  and  hold  within  bounds  man's 
inordinate  desire  for  power.  This  force  will 
be  considered  later. 

And  now  let  us  turn  for  a  time  to  that 
country  which  has  done  more  than  any  other 
in  the  world,  during  its  short  existence,  to 
place  democracy  before  the  world  and  evolve 
out  of  its  experience  a  basis  upon  which 
to  establish  the  democracy  of  the  future. 

The  policy  of  America  has  been  to  give 
the  greatest  liberty  within  its  borders,  there- 
by strengthening  itself  to  a  degree  that 
would  make  it  free  and  independent  of 
other  countries.  The  analogy  between  the 
development  of  the  United  States  and  the 
development  of  animal  life,  by  Spencer, 
is  striking.  "By  continuous  differentiation 
and  integration  is  formed  an  aggregate,  which 
while  increasing  passes  from  an  indefinite 
incoherent  homogeneity  to  a  definite  coherent 
heterogeneity. "  In  the  accomplishment  of 
this  task  we  have  not  been  able  to  escape 
the  economic  pressure  from  outside,  with  the 
result  that  we  have  entered  into  closer  and 
closer  relationship  with  foreign  nations  until 
at  last  we  find  a  condition  of  interdepend- 
ence existing.  Notwithstanding  this  change 


Justice  177 

in  reality  we  have  been  unwilling  to  give  it 
conscious  recognition  in  any  pronounced 
and  definite  way.  Unwillingness  on  the 
world's  part  generally  to  give  way  and  so 
establish  a  relationship  of  toleration  rather 
than  a  growing  antagonism  has  gradually 
brought  about  an  economic  condition  within 
the  borders  of  the  United  States  which  was 
leading  to  an  ever  greater  waste  of  the 
country's  resources.  This  tendency  towards 
waste  was  not  confined  to  the  United  States 
but  was  extending  itself  over  the  whole  world. 
When  a  country  is  in  its  infancy  and 
competing  against  economic  conditions  that 
are  far  in  advance  of  its  own  some  method  has 
to  be  devised  which  will  enable  this  infant  to 
develop  its  resources.  The  general  method 
adopted  has  been  the  imposition  of  a  duty 
on  certain  articles  imported,  which  tax  has 
paid  in  part  for  the  running  of  the  govern- 
ment and  has  enabled  the  youthful  country 
to  compete  in  the  open  market.  Thus  the 
tariff  began  to  make  itself  markedly  felt 
in  the  United  States  between  1899  and  1909. 
"  The  per  capita  production  of  principal  crops 
underwent,  it  is  true,  decline,  being  in  1909 
a  little  more  than  nine  tenths  of  that  in  1899. 
Some  part  of  this  was  due  to  the  extraordin- 
ia 


178  Human  Nature 

ary  circumstance  of  deficient  crops  in  the 
census  year,  but  the  essential  explanation 
is  that  this  decade  saw  foreshadowed  the 
inevitable  transition  of  the  United  States 
from  an  agricultural  to  a  manufacturing 
society.  Like  England  at  the  beginning  of 
the  nineteenth  century  and  Germany  in  our 
own  generation,  the  United  States  has  found 
it  relatively  more  profitable  to  apply  labor 
and  capital  to  manufacture  than  to  agri- 
culture, and  to  discharge  some  part  of  the 
foreign  debts  by  exports  of  manufactured 
goods  rather  than  by  agricultural  products." 

As  the  manufacturing  interests  continued 
to  receive  this  aid  from  the  United  States 
Government,  and  as  the  wealth  of  resources 
possessed  by  the  country  seemed  limitless, 
business  grew  and  flourished  and  took  on 
larger  and  larger  proportions.  Wealth  was 
gathered  into  single  hands  such  as  the  world 
had  never  dreamed  of. 

This  amassing  of  tremendous  wealth  in 
single  hands  became  in  innumerable  cases, 
not  the  hard  work  of  several  generations,  but 
often  the  endeavor  of  a  single  life  directed 
along  certain  lines.  Now  the  question  arises 
as  to  how  it  has  been  possible  for  such  vast 
wealth  to  be  amassed  in  a  single  lifetime,  and 


Justice  179 

the  answer  is,  through  great  waste  of  the 
whole.  The  future  was  enabled  to  offer 
such  inordinate  gains  that  it  was  possible 
to  waste  right  and  left  to  secure  the  end 
desired.  But  why  was  it  possible  to  borrow 
to  an  ever-increasing  degree  on  the  future? 
and  the  answer  is  that  the  manufacturer  was 
receiving  to  a  great  extent  the  same  help  as 
when  the  manufacturing  industries  were  in 
their  infancy.  The  economical  way  of  serv- 
ing the  whole  community  would  have  been 
to  gradually  remove  this  advantage  as  the 
manufacturer  grew  up.  Economic  pressure 
from  the  outside  prevented  this  procedure, 
for  if  the  duty  were  entirely  removed  then 
the  manufacturers  would  be  at  the  mercy  of 
foreign  nations. 

The  United  States  has  felt  it  necessary, 
taking  all  things  into  consideration,  to 
continue  to  aid  the  manufacturer  and  thus 
the  following  results  have  evolved:  Corpor- 
ate interests  have  taken  on  larger  and  larger 
proportions,  with  the  result  that  there  has 
been  an  increasing  tendency  towards  the 
representatives  of  these  corporate  interests 
or  corporations  overstepping  their  contracts. 
Thus  a  stockholder  in  an  oil  company  might 
later  discover  that  this  company  was  engaged 


i8o  Human  Nature 

in  half  a  dozen  different  lines  of  work,  that 
in  one  case  it  was  the  holder  of  vast  tracks  of 
timber  land  and  was  carrying  on  an  extended 
lumber  business.  These  large  corporations 
with  such  wealth  behind  them  were  enabled 
to  run  one  branch  of  the  corporate  interest 
at  great  waste,  because  a  neighboring  branch 
was  bringing  in  such  tremendous  profits. 

These  untold  profits  must  be  invested  in 
ways  that  would  be  beneficial  to  the  com- 
munity as  a  whole,  and  so  we  see  great  sys- 
tems of  public  education  sweep  over  the 
country,  public  libraries  and  charitable  in- 
stitutions spring  up  all  over,  but  all  this  time 
the  working  man  is  becoming  less  and  less 
directly  responsible  for  these  institutions  and 
hence  his  interest  has  less  and  less  to  hold  it 
bound  to  the  state.  A  gradual  feeling  grows 
up  within  him  that  he  is  losing  his  individu- 
ality, hence  the  labor  unions  grow  up  and 
strengthen  that  element  of  force  in  human 
nature  which  is  bound  to  look  more  carefully 
to  the  present  day  and  the  close  future.  This 
force  in  human  nature,  which  would  care 
for  to-day  and  disregard  the  future  through 
the  pressure  of  external  and  internal  forces, 
has  been  growing  ever  more  powerful,  until 
he  who  would  seek  to  care  for  the  far-distant 


Justice  181 

future  and  stem  the  tide  of  waste  finds  an 
impassable  barrier  ahead  of  him  both  outside 
and  in. 

Thus  economic  conditions  have  brought 
about  a  state  which  prevents  that  element 
of  force  which  would  look  far  into  the  future 
and  care  for  the  well-being  of  the  whole 
from  having  sufficient  strength  to  make  itself 
heard.  This  element  of  the  force  which  looks 
far  into  the  distant  future  should  be  somewhat 
the  stronger  of  the  two  if  growth  of  the  whole 
is  to  take  place.  We  discover  that  element 
of  force,  dominating  which  has  regard  for  but 
to-day  or  the  near  future,  under  which  cir- 
cumstances the  good  of  the  whole  has  been 
lost  sight  of,  waste  is  taking  place,  and  if  a 
check  is  not  offered  the  whole  will  eventu- 
ally grow  depleted.  The  weaker  element 
which  permits  of  the  existence  of  force  has 
gained  the  upper  hand,  and  the  whole  instead 
of  advancing  is  retrograding.  Looking  out- 
side of  the  United  States  we  discover  that 
economic  conditions  would  not  allow  of  a 
change  within  her  own  borders  which  would 
call  a  halt  on  that  tendency  which  was  over- 
stepping the  mark. 

Throughout  this  period  of  rapid  growth  of 
manufacturing  interests  in  the  United  States, 


182  Human  Nature 

one  line  of  industry  after  another  has  reaped 
a  harvest.  This  rise  and  fall  has  been  creat- 
ing an  increasing  feeling  of  dissatisfaction, 
with  the  result  that  the  government  has 
been  compelled  to  step  in  and  seek  to  stabilize 
and  equalize  conditions  so  that  one  part  of 
the  community  would  not  be  able  to  borrow 
on  the  future  with  so  much  fuller  assurance. 
Thus  the  federal  reserve  bank  came  into 
existence,  that  the  farmer  might  be  enabled 
to  compete  with  the  manufacturer.  The 
railroad,  finding  it  harder  and  harder  to 
compete  with  the  manufacturer,  is  being 
gradually  forced  to  the  wall,  and  the  next 
step  would  be  for  the  railroads  to  be  taken 
over  by  the  government  and  run  at  a  loss. 
Little  by  little  the  government  has  been 
seeking  to  equalize,  and  drive  out  competi- 
tion. Thus  the  government  has  been  taking 
more  and  more  power  unto  itself.  If  the 
government  is  going  to  help  all  grades  and 
ranks  of  society  that  seem  to  be  unable 
to  gain  a  foothold  because  of  the  advantage 
afforded  by  the  tariff  system,  then  in  time 
man  would  be  enabled  to  borrow  from  the 
government  to  start  himself  in  business 
without  having  to  prove  his  worth,  and  then 
an  absolute  state  of  equality  would  have 


Justice  183 

been  secured.  The  government,  under  these 
conditions,  would  be  seeking  to  make  life 
an  absolutely  sure  thing  for  all,  but  human 
nature  needs  necessity  to  compel  her  to 
do  her  best  and  not  retrograde. 

Government  ownership,  with  the  weaker 
element  of  force  dominating,  resolves  itself 
into  Socialism.  Government  ownership 
under  these  conditions  is  paternalism,  or  the 
next  step  in  the  growth  of  great  corporations. 
Great  corporations  do  away  with  competition, 
and  if  the  government  controlled  all  and 
competition  were  done  away  with  only  so  far 
as  human  nature  prescribed,  and  if  human 
nature  were  governed  by  the  weaker  element 
of  force,  then  the  ultimate  outcome  would 
be  disastrous.  The  government  having  such 
vast  wealth  would  be  enabled  to  pay  any- 
thing for  having  its  work  done,  and  there 
would  be  always  a  certain  body  of  men 
who  would  be  called  upon  to  determine 
what  the  work  was  worth,  and  if  these  men 
were  to  render  unbiased  decisions  they 
would  have  to  represent  the  life  of  the  human 
race,  taking  into  consideration  all  other 
lines  of  work  in  the  world,  giving  due  con- 
sideration to  all  the  laws  that  govern  society — 
in  fact,  in  a  great  system  of  socialism  man  at 


1 84  Human  Nature 

the  top  would  needs  be  endowed  with  super- 
natural wisdom.  Socialism  wpuld  foster  a 
state  of  equality  and  would  break  down  and  do 
away  with  the  fundamental  law  of  growth 
which  calls  for  interaction  between  forces  to 
promote  growth.  Take  away  the  force  of 
necessity  and  you  deny  human  nature  the  op- 
posing force  to  that  element  which  would  in 
time  deny  growth. 

Thus  there  has  been  a  growing  tendency 
throughout  the  world,  towards  the  fostering 
of  governmental  control,  or  socialism. 

The  question  arises  as  to  how  governmental 
control  has  existed  in  Germany  with  such 
resulting  efficiency.  This  has  been  due  to 
the  stronger  element  of  force  dominating. 
The  stronger  element  of  force  has  the  power 
to  enforce  the  economical  use  of  the  environ- 
ment, because  the  good  of  the  whole  is  held 
in  mind  and  rapid  progress  may  be  stemmed 
for  a  time.  If  the  weaker  element  of  force 
dominates  in  a  society  where  governmental 
ownership  prevails,  then  we  have  a  condition 
of  socialism.  Either  condition  of  govern- 
mental ownership,  when  the  majority  is  able 
to  take  care  of  itself,  will  eventually  lead  to 
destruction,  because  in  both  cases  the 
dominating  force  is  sufficient  unto  itself,  and 


Justice  185 

denies  the  right  of  the  other  element, 
therefore  denies  the  law  of  life  or  growth, 
which  says  that  growth  is  possible  only 
through  the  interaction  of  forces.  When 
this  interacting  ceases  then  growth  ceases. 

Germany's  supermen  would  undoubtedly 
be  able  to  wield  the  power  efficiently  for  a 
time,  but  before  long  they  would  of  necessity 
fall  into  a  rut  and  thus  bring  the  whole 
people  out  of  harmony  with  their  neighbors. 

This  tendency  towards  promoting  the 
good  of  the  whole  at  the  expense  of  the  in- 
dividual is  the  carrying  of  Christ's  teachings 
over  the  mark  and  a  seeking  to  bring  about 
an  absolute  state  of  equality  on  this  earth. 
Equality,  like  any  new  organ  during  its 
development,  must  be  furnished  with  too 
much  nourishment  and  overstep  the  mark 
before  it  will  establish  its  proper  place  in  the 
mind  of  the  majority.  Liberty  from  divine 
guidance,  as  in  the  development  of  any  new 
organ,  must  overstep  the  mark  before  it  can 
establish  its  proper  place  in  the  mind  of  the 
majority. 

That  this  tendency  which  is  working 
towards  equality  in  this  age  may  be  more 
fully  realized,  let  us  consider  labor  and 
capital  more  carefully.  Capital,  or  that 


1 86  Human  Nature 

element  of  society  which  should  be  caring 
for  the  far  distant  future,  has  been  drawing 
farther  and  farther  away  from  that  element  of 
society  which  has  regard  for  the  near  future 
or  to-day,  or  labor.  During  all  this  time 
while  they  were  separating  farther  and  farther 
apart  to  all  outward  appearances,  the  parent 
or  environment  was  forcing  them  to  interact 
to  a  greater  extent,  and  thus  each  was  taking 
more  cognizance  of  the  other.  The  growing 
antagonism  between  the  two  has  forced  each 
to  gradually  lose  sight  of  the  good  of  the 
whole  and  become  lost  in  the  antagonism. 
Thus  capital  has  gradually  lost  her  power  as 
that  agent  which  could  be  relied  upon  to  care 
for  the  far  distant  future,  and  we  distinctly 
realize  only  that  element  of  force  which 
would  have  regard  for  the  near  future.  Thus 
to  a  great  extent  the  weaker  element  of  force 
dominates  throughout  the  present-day  world, 
a  condition  which  must  ultimately  lead  to 
great  waste  and  dissipation  of  the  force 
human  nature. 

Let  us  next  consider  whether  that"  element 
of  force  which  has  regard  for  to-day,  and  that 
element  of  force  which  has  regard  for  the 
distant  future,  have  not  marketable  values, 
and  that  the  only  person  who  is  capable  of 


Justice  187 

deciding  what  their  values  are  is  the  parent 
or  environment.  If  the  parent  or  environ- 
ment is  being  economically  used,  then  both 
elements  of  the  force  human  nature  are 
bound  to  receive  just  remuneration;  if  the 
parent's  interests  are  being  wasted,  then 
either  one  element  or  the  other  element 
of  human  nature  is  receiving  too  much 
sustenance. 

The  life  of  human  nature  depends  upon  the 
parent  or  environment,  the  life  of  the  parent 
or  environment  depends  upon  human  nature. 
They  can  both  interact  without  waste,  pro- 
mote growth,  and  prolong  the  life  of  both 
thereby. 

Economic  conditions  have  enabled  that 
element  of  the  force  human  nature  which 
would  care  for  the  near  future,  and  also  that 
element  of  the  force  which  would  care  for  the 
far  distant  future,  to  develop  so  fully  that  it 
would  seem  the  time  had  arrived  when  both 
should  be  willing  to  recognize  that  for  which 
the  other  stands,  and  honor  it  for  the  part 
that  it  is  playing  in  the  building  up  of  the 
whole.  Respect  on  one  side  calls  eventually 
for  respect  on  the  other  side,  but  there  can 
not  be  respect  when  the  good  of  the  whole 
has  been  lost  sight  of.  Now  for  growth  of 


1 88  Human  Nature 

the  whole  to  take  place  we  have  found  that 
that  element  of  force  which  looks  farthest 
into  the  future  must  of  necessity  be  the 
stronger  of  the  two,  otherwise  a  state  of 
equilibrium  would  be  eventually  reached, 
and  when  one  was  no  stronger  than  the 
other  each  would  be  losing  respect  for  the 
other  and  would  be  thinking  ever  more  of 
himself  and  less  of  his  neighbor,  and  thus  the 
whole  would  be  receiving  less  and  less  con- 
sideration. If  this  tendency  continued,  then 
eventually  the  weaker  element  of  the  force 
would  gradually  gain  control  and  the  whole 
would  be  gradually  growing  weaker.  Thus 
for  human  nature  to  grow,  that  element  of  its 
force  which  has  regard  for  the  far  distant 
future  should  receive  more  nourishment 
than  the  element  which  would  have  regard 
for  the  near  future.  This  favored  element 
should,  however,  receive  an  increase  of 
nourishment  over  its  neighbor  only  to  that 
degree  which  will  allow  of  the  growth  of  the 
parent's  interests  or  environment  and  not 
foster  waste.  If  the  parent's  interests  are 
wasted,  then  in  time  both  elements  of  the 
force  human  nature  suffer.  Thus  we  find 
the  evidence  which  justifies  capital  having 
more  power  than  labor.  If  man  with  the 


Justice  189 

more  highly  'developed  nervous  system  is  to 
be  so  hard  pushed  that  he  is  unable  to 
interact  with  those  forces  which  are  looking 
into  the  far  distant  future,  then  in  time  he 
will  be  brought  to  the  viewpoint  of  those 
who  are  caring  for  the  present  or  near  future. 
Now  this  is  just  what  a  condition  of  socialism 
or  equality  on  earth  would  do  for  humanity. 
It  would  bring  about  an  economic  state 
which  would  force  each  individual  to  care  for 
the  near  future  and  disregard  the  good  of  the 
whole  or  far  distant  future.  Such  a  state 
would  negative  all  the  laws  of  growth, 
struggle,  bravery,  endeavor,  and  could  but 
spell  the  waste  of  the  parent's  interests 
and  a  very  early  dissipation  of  the  force 
human  nature. 

The  two  elements  which  go  to  make  up 
the  force  human  nature  are  part  and  parcel 
of  the  sum  total  man,  and  one  man  differs 
from  another  in  the  degree  to  which  these 
two  forces  have  learned  to  interact  in  the 
attainment  of  a  common  goal.  The  truth 
is  becoming  ever  more  apparent,  that  theory 
and  practice  must  develop  as  nearly  as 
possible  hand  in  hand,  or  that  the  two  ele- 
ments of  the  force  human  nature  must 
develop  hand  in  hand;  that  when  either 


190  Human  Nature 

receives  an  undue  amount  of  sustenance, 
then  each  suffers  accordingly.  Different 
natures  require  from  the  environment  a 
different  amount  of  sustenance  to  permit  of 
their  growth.  The  potentiality  of  the  force 
residing  within  one  human  being  is  greater 
or  less  than  that  existing  in  his  neighbor. 

The  ideal  democracy  towards  which  human 
nature  is  striving  would  foster  economic 
conditions  which  would  allow  each  nervous 
system  to  discover  an  environment  where, 
notwithstanding  the  many  obstacles  to  be 
surmounted,  if  due  diligence  were  exercised 
growth  would  be  possible.  When  such  condi- 
tions are  brought  about,  then  each  individual 
will  have  to  lay  the  blame  on  his  own  in- 
capacity, which  prevents  him  from  entering 
into  the  struggle  for  existence,  and  few  wish- 
ing to  acknowledge  their  inability  for  work, 
the  majority  will  make  an  everlasting 
struggle  to  grow.  Public  opinion,  no  longer 
sanctioning  the  blaming  of  fate  and  fortune 
for  man's  falling  by  the  wayside,  but  holding 
each  individual  responsible  for  making  his 
way,  will  build  up  a  great  moral  force  of 
necessity  which  will  compel  the  majority  to 
use  its  faculties,  unless  the  force  within 
has  become  so  depleted  that  disapprobation 


Justice  191 

of  one's  fellow-men  is  preferable  to  due 
diligence. 

The  two  elements  of  the  force  human 
nature  must  consider  themselves  as  commo- 
dities of  a  marketable  value,  which  value 
depends  upon  an  economical  use  of  the  envi- 
ronment. 

Work  is  the  utilization  of  the  environment 
for  the  purpose  of  nourishing  the  force  human 
nature  in  order  that  the  potentiality  of  this 
force  may  continue  to  increase  and  so  resist 
dissolution. 

All  evolution  and  the  first  law  of  preser- 
vation say  that  force,  in  whatever  garb  you 
will,  shall  exist,  so  long  as  the  environment 
will  permit. 

Thus  the  environment,  which  furnishes 
nourishment  or  work  to  the  force  human 
nature,  assumes  in  the  mind  of  human  nature 
different  values  at  successive  epochs  of  pro- 
gress, the  value  of  the  sustenance  taken  from 
the  environment  depending  upon  the  impor- 
tance the  sustenance  plays  in  the  human 
mind  of  the  day.  The  human  mind  of  the 
day  conceives  the  importance  of  the  susten- 
ance in  proportion  to  its  ability  to  under- 
stand the  natural  laws  working  throughout 
the  universe.  Hence  the  conception  of  the 


192  Human  Nature 

human  mind  depends  "upon  the  potentiality 
of  the  force  comprising  its  being.  The 
human  mind  of  the  day  may  have  concen- 
trated its  endeavor  to  too  full  a  degree  in  the 
developing  of  some  new  organ,  and  in  over- 
stepping the  mark  may  have  brought  about 
a  reign  of  extravagance.  The  extravagance 
goes  unrecognized,  because  it  is  overshadowed 
by  the  new  interest.  This  extravagance  is 
leading  one  or  the  other  element  of  the  force 
human  nature  to  receive  too  much  nourish- 
ment, and  the  whole  is  contributing  more 
and  more  to  this  extravagance.  Under  these 
conditions  the  two  elements  of  the  force 
human  nature  move  farther  and  farther 
apart,  one  blaming  the  other  for  the  existing 
conditions,  whereas  as  a  matter  of  fact  they  are 
both  contributing  to  the  waste  more  and  more, 
because  both  become  less  and  less  willing  to 
give  consideration  to  the  good  of  the  whole. 
For  any  force  to  exist  there  must  neces- 
sarily be  taken  into  consideration  three 
factors:  the  two  elements  which  make  up 
the  force,  and  the  surrounding  forces  from 
which  the  union  secures  its  sustaining  power. 
If  any  one  of  the  three  members  is  considered 
to  the  exclusion  of  the  other  each  member 
suffers  accordingly. 


Justice  193 

Arbitration  can  exist  effectively  only  when 
there  is  a  workable  harmony  between  the 
three  elements  which  permit  of  the  existence 
of  force.  Therefore  arbitration  cannot  take 
place  with  effectiveness  when  one  element  is 
continuously  receiving  too  much  sustenance. 
When  lack  of  nutrition  on  the  part  of  one 
element  of  the  force  is  vitally  felt  throughout 
its  whole  being  nothing  suffices  until  a 
workable  harmony  between  the  three  elements 
is  reestablished,  and  when  this  condition 
has  been  brought  about  arbitration  with 
justice  becomes  possible,  because  there  is  a 
general  feeling  throughout  the  organism  that 
toleration  can  be  exercised,  because  notwith- 
standing a  giving  way  here  and  there  the 
whole  organism  is  felt  to  be  benefiting. 

Conditions  make  it  evident  that  there 
has  been  an  increasing  antagonism  growing 
up  between  labor  and  capital  in  the  United 
States,  which  has  forced  into  existence  the 
proposal  that  arbitration  be  compulsory. 
Capital  would  take  care  of  labor  as  a  good 
Samaritan,  with  pensions,  poor  laws,  etc., 
but  labor  at  the  bottom  of  her  heart  says  that 
she  does  not  want  to  be  taken  care  of,  but 
would  have  economic  conditions  such  that  she 
might  develop  her  own  individuality. 

13 


194  Human  Nature 

Democracy  has  stood  for  liberty,  which 
calls  for  the  growth  of  the  whole.  If  democ- 
racy is  to  perform  her  duty,  then  as  her 
children  grow  up  she  must  place  more  and 
more  responsibility  on  their  shoulders  and 
gradually  lead  them  to  recognize  in  natural 
laws  their  guides  in  the  struggle  for  existence. 
If  the  government  is  to  assume  more  and 
more  care  of  her  children  and  place  more  and 
more  restrictions  on  their  actions,  she  is 
denying  their  right  to  feel  that  they  have 
progressed  a  step  in  advance  of  the  past 
and  have  become  more  responsible  human 
beings. 

After  every  conflict  of  whatever  nature  you 
will,  the  three  elements  which  entered  into 
and  permitted  the  struggle  to  go  on  are  forced 
more  clearly  into  light,  and  each  sees  to  a 
fuller  degree  that  for  which  the  other  stands. 
Thus  the  laws  which  evolve  out  of  the  struggle 
and  have  consideration  for  a  larger  whole 
must  of  necessity  take  more  fully  into  con- 
sideration the  claims  made  by  the  three 
elements. 

The  great  movement  on  the  part  of  labor 
is  the  demand  that  there  shall  be  a  more 
equitable  sharing  of  the  results  of  work,  and 
that  an  artificial  value  has  been  given  in  the 


Justice  195 

world's  market  to  that  commodity  known  as 
the  capacity  for  looking  into  the  far  distant 
future  and  caring  for  the  whole;  that  this 
commodity  through  receiving  excess  nourish- 
ment has  become  weakened  to  an  extent  which 
prevents  it  from  any  longer  considering  the 
good  of  the  whole  and  thereby  caring  for 
the  future.  It  is  therefore  no  longer  per- 
forming its  proper  function.  The  growth  of 
any  new  organ  calls  for  its  playing  a  pre- 
dominating part  in  the  life  of  the  whole  organ- 
ism before  a  harmonious  relationship  can 
be  established.  So  in  the  great  evolution  of 
new  organs  in  civilization  there  must  be  an 
overstepping  of  the  mark  before  the  new  is 
enabled  to  establish  its  relationship  with  the 
whole.  The  gradual  concentration  of  the 
interest  of  the  body  politic  in  the  building 
up  of  the  new  organ  leads  in  the  end  to  too 
much  care  being  given  to  the  new,  which 
brings  about  in  turn  an  overtaxing  of  the 
old,  and  thus  finally  a  feeling  of  discontent 
arises  which  eventually  leads  to  reaction. 

In  the  United  States  the  tendency  or 
corporate  interest  of  the  Democracy  has  been 
concentrating  to  an  ever-increasing  degree  on 
the  development  of  the  parent's  interests, 
with  an  increasing  acquisition  of  power  evolv- 


196  Human  Nature 

ing  therefrom.  Approbation  of  one's  fellow- 
men  was  to  be  found  to  an  ever-increasing 
degree  in  the  amassing  of  great  wealth. 
There  was  no  other  outlet  to  the  force  resid- 
ing within  man  which  would  furnish  him  with 
the  same  power  as  would  wealth.  And  thus 
we  see  the  tendency  towards  the  amassing  of 
wealth  to  have  gradually  worked  its  way 
down  through  all  society  until  it  dominates. 
Thus  economic  conditions,  or  the  use  of 
the  parent's  interests,  have  brought  about  a 
condition  in  society  which  has  so  weakened 
that  element  which  would  look  far  into  the 
distant  future  and  to  the  good  of  humanity 
that  its  voice  can  no  longer  be  heard  above  a 
whisper. 

Thus  wealth,  as  in  the  development  of  any 
new  organ,  has  secured  the  concentrated 
nourishment  of  the  whole  organism,  and, 
having  overstepped  the  mark,  will  find  its 
mean  level  and  special  use  in  the  mind  of 
the  majority. 

We  have  given  consideration  to  the  two 
great  tendencies  working  in  the  world  to-day 
which  are  engaging  the  three  elements  which 
permit  of  the  existence  of  humanity  in  a 
destructive  battle  which  is  shortening  the 
life  of  the  human  race  by  leaps  and  bounds. 


Justice  197 

Has  not  the  time  come  to  look  this  destruc- 
tion square  in  the  face,  and  decide  whether 
the  laws  of  growth  cannot  solve  the  problem 
and  enable  humanity  to  establish  relation- 
ships that  will  allow  the  good  of  the  whole  or 
the  far  distant  future  to  once  more  become 
the  dominating  and  ruling  element  in  the  life 
of  humanity? 

The  one  great  tendency  is  bending  all  its 
effort  towards  bringing  about  a  condition  of 
equality  in  society;  the  other  great  tendency 
is  bending  all  its  effort  towards  bringing  about 
a  condition  of  liberty  in  society.  If  either 
tendency  conquers  and  becomes  supreme,  the 
destruction  of  humanity  is  inevitable;  there- 
fore the  world  must  needs  halt  at  the  turning 
of  the  ways,  weigh  both  sides  thoroughly, 
and  seek  to  discover  whether,  through  a  giv- 
ing way  on  both  sides,  economical  conditions 
cannot  be  established  which  will  allow  all 
humanity  to  develop  during  the  ages  that 
are  to  come.  Such  a  question  will  never  be 
faced  again  in  the  life  of  the  human  race, 
therefore  may  humanity  use  the  talents  she 
has  developed  to  the  highest,  exercise  toler- 
ation, and  subscribe  to  laws  that  will  care  for 
the  future  good  of  humanity  even  if  she  is 
compelled  to  sacrifice  some  of  the  most 


198  Human  Nature 

cherished  ideals.  This  is  not  a  question  of 
the  present,  this  is  a  question  as  regards  the 
life  of  the  whole  human  race,  that  is  in  your 
hands. 

Let  us  translate  these  two  opposed  forces 
into  economic  terms,  and  seek  to  discover 
thereby  that  for  which  the  whole  world  is 
fighting.  Economic  terms  are  nothing  more 
or  less  than  the  voice  of  the  parent  or  environ- 
ment, which  cares  for  the  life  of  the  human 
race,  and  will  shorten  or  lengthen  this  life 
in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  toleration  she 
is  enabled  to  discover  in  her  children. 

Now  we  find  that  throughout  all  evolution, 
in  the  passage  from  "an  indefinite  incoherent 
homogeneity  to  a  definite  coherent  hetero- 
geneity,*' there  takes  place  a  prolongation  of 
life  and  an  economization  of  force.  Hence 
with  the  close  relationship  that  has  grown  up 
between  the  largest  nations  of  the  Western 
world  and  the  interdependence  of  one  upon 
another  there  has  grown  up  a  means  whereby 
a  definite  coherent  heterogeneity,  or  the 
formation  of  a  union  to  bring  about  the  same 
ends,  will  be  enabled  to  prolong  life  and 
economize  force  through  joint  action  in  the 
use  of  their  environment.  The  absolute 
necessity  has  arisen  for  these  larger  nations 


Justice  199 

to  engage  in  free  trade,  thus  permitting  one 
nation  to  supply  another  nation  with  produce 
not  acquirable  at  home  at  a  nominal  cost, 
thus  preventing  the  selling  of  work  in  any  one 
of  the  countries  at  untold  prices. 

Under  free  trade  the  law  of  supply  and 
demand  will  exercise  its  influence  with 
increasing  justice.  A  foreign  country  will 
have  some  hand  in  the  regulation  of  the  cost 
of  a  commodity,  for  it  will  have  to  pay  more, 
because  of  the  freightage  and  scarcity  of  the 
commodity,  than  the  home  market.  Thus 
will  come  into  existence  a  curtailing  element, 
holding  in  check  the  extravagant  use  of  the 
environment,  in  that,  with  such  a  variety 
of  feelings  regulating  the  law  of  supply  and 
demand  there  will  be  a  constant  offsetting 
check  to  corporate  interests  or  tendencies 
being  carried  too  far  in  any  one  locality. 

The  first  question  to  decide  is  as  to  the  real 
meaning  of  free  trade.  Free  trade  is  the  inter- 
change between  two  or  more  countries  of  com- 
modities which  the  one  can  manufacture  or 
produce  at  an  economic  saving  over  the  other 
country.  Free  trade  calls  for  the  recogni- 
tion, on  the  part  of  each  nation,  that  its 
citizens  have  reached  that  state  of  manhood 
and  womanhood  which  no  longer  calls  for 


200  Human  Nature 

parental  help,  but  claims  individual  develop- 
ment sufficient  to  care  for  self.  Under 
these  conditions  the  government  becomes 
strictly  neutral,  giving  no  special  aid  to  any 
division  of  work.  Free  trade  would  foster  a 
tendency  within  the  government  which  would 
lead  to  ever  more  power  being  given  to  its 
citizens,  the  cost  of  the  government  would 
become  less,  and  instead  of  being  supported 
by  an  indirect  tax  the  burden  of  taxa- 
tion would  become  direct,  shared  equally 
by  all.  By  equally  is  meant  that  dollar 
for  dollar  each  is  taxed  the  same.  The 
rich  man  is  not  taxed  more  per  dollar  be- 
cause he  is  wealthy,  thus  building  up  an 
increasing  class  antagonism  in  which  eventu- 
ally one  side  seeks  to  secure  all  it  can  from 
the  other.  Economic  conditions  under  free 
trade  will  prevent  great  wealth  from  resting 
in  single  hands,  and  therefore  there  will  be  no 
need  of  taking  away  that  which  man  has  not. 
All  questions  arising  between  capital  and 
labor  will  be  enabled  to  find  a  debatable 
ground.  This  debatable  ground  of  ques- 
tions will  always  consider  the  parent  or 
environment,  who  controls  the  life  of  human- 
ity. The  parent  or  environment  is  the 
mainstay  of  humanity,  and  therefore  when 


Justice  201 

questions  are  decided  so  that  she  receives 
justice  then  humanity  at  large  cannot  help 
but  benefit.  Thus  all  questions  between 
labor  and  capital  will  eventually  come  to  the 
question  as  to  whether  the  business  is  being 
run  economically  or  no. 

Conditions  were  developed  in  Germany  to 
a  state  which  compelled  sufficient  proof  to  be 
forthcoming  that  assured  the  long  life  of  a 
proposed  undertaking;  this  necessitated  a 
large  number  of  factors  receiving  consider- 
ation. The  government  looked  after  this  in 
Germany,  why  should  not  economical  condi- 
tions in  America  call  for  the  same  proof? 
If  man  were  not  able  to  count  on  the  credit  of 
the  future  to  such  a  degree  as  is  now  possible, 
if  he  could  not  say  that  in  the  next  five  years 
"  I  will  be  able  to  realize  such  tremendous 
returns  on  my  investment  that  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  my  business  I  can  afford  to  pay 
anything  for  labor,  anything  for  material/1  the 
establishment  of  the  business  would  be  slower 
or  not  at  all,  and  there  would  be  the  doing 
away  with  the  great  waste.  If  the  farmer  and 
manufacturer  were  securing  returns  somewhat 
nearly  alike  from  their  investment,  then  the 
power  for  borrowing  in  any  one  direction 
would  be  checked,  and  man  would  be  forced 


202  Human  Nature 

to  a  fuller  degree  to  prove  his  capability  for 
carrying  on  a  constructive  business.  With  ef- 
ficiency as  the  ruling  factor  in  society,  before 
man  could  borrow  he  would  be  compelled  to 
prove  that  his  was  a  better  proposition  than 
the  next  man's,  and  then  there  would  be  so 
many  more  competitors  in  the  market.  Who 
at  the  present  is  going  to  loan  to  the  fanner, 
when  the  manufacturer  is  able  to  offer  such 
superior  inducements. 

Free  trade  would  create  a  growing  tendency 
towards  the  giving  and  receiving  of  justice,  a 
gradual  doing  away  with  the  idea  of  securing 
something  for  nothing,  and  the  supplanting 
of  this  idea  with  the  understanding  that 
giving  and  receiving  must  be  reciprocal,  that 
in  proportion  as  you  give  shall  you  receive, 
and  in  proportion  as  you  receive  shall  you 
give;  that  you  can  give  only  of  your  own 
strength,  and  your  own  strength  is  only  what 
it  is  because  of  that  which  you  have  received 
through  interaction  with  your  environment. 

The  railroads  of  the  present  day  in  America 
have  been  almost  reduced  to  a  condition 
which  prevents  them  from  entering  into 
competition  with  the  manufacturer,  and  the 
next  step  would  be  for  the  government  to 
take  over  these  railroads  and  run  them  at  a 


Justice  203 

loss.  For  government  ownership,  with  the 
weaker  element  of  the  force  dominating,  does 
away  with  competition  and  leaves  all  to  the 
goodness  residing  within  human  nature.  In 
other  words,  socialism  would  do  away  with 
necessity,  or  need  for  the  consideration  of  the 
parent  or  environment. 

If  a  business  had  to  be  run  at  a  gain  or 
otherwise  it  would  be  forced  out  of  existence, 
would  not  this  be  beneficial  to  the  com- 
munity as  a  whole? 

Thus  if  the  dominating  law  pervading  free 
trade  promoted  economical  conditions  that 
called  for  efficiency,  keener  competition, 
and  the  conservation  of  energy,  would  not 
this  call  for  more  regard  being  given  to  the 
human  element  of  work?  If  high  efficiency 
were  called  for  in  all  lines  of  work,  would 
this  efficiency  be  forthcoming  unless  all 
conditions  which  prompted  man's  well-being 
were  taken  into  consideration?  Would  there 
any  longer  be  need  for  regulating  hours 
of  work,  etc.?  Efficiency  would  not  allow  of 
overwork,  and  the  man  who  did  not  have 
regard  for  his  fellow-men  would  soon  fall  by 
the  wayside,  because  of  that  man  who  paid 
more  attention  to  the  human  element  of  work 
and  was  thus  enabled  to  offer  fuller  induce- 


204  Human  Nature 

ments.  Thus  economic  conditions  would  be 
exercising  a  compelling  power  which  forced 
man  to  have  regard  for  his  fellow-men.  And 
thus  man,  through  acknowledging  his  in- 
ability to  see  all  sides  of  a  question,  would 
erect  a  barrier  which  compelled  him  to  have 
regard  for  his  fellow-men  if  he  would  survive. 
Free  trade  would  bring  capital  and  labor, 
which  have  been  separating  farther  and 
farther  apart,  together,  and  the  good  of  the 
whole  would  receive  consideration  in  every 
dispute.  As  it  is  now,  labor  in  making 
its  demands  on  capital  finds  no  barrier  to 
these  demands  until  the  business  goes  to  the 
wall  or  is  taken  over  by  the  government. 
And  what  is  to  prevent  labor  from  continuing 
its  demands  in  all  lines  of  business  until 
eventually  all  business  must  be  taken  over 
by  the  government.  If  the  manufacturer, 
the  fanner,  etc.,  were  not  securing  inordinate 
returns,  and  each  was  securing  somewhere 
near  the  same  amount  on  similar  sums  in- 
vested, then  labor  could  press  its  claims 
only  so  far;  the  capitalist  could  give  actual 
proof  that  the  demands  would  have  to  cease 
or  the  business  would  have  to  go  to  the  wall. 
Perhaps  the  point  was  not  an  economic  one 
and  this  pressure  from  labor  was  a  justi- 


Justice  205 

fiable  claim,  taking  into  consideration  other 
work  of  the  same  nature;  under  these  condi- 
tions the  business  would  be  forced  to  the 
wall.  Again  perhaps  the  individual  was  not 
running  his  establishment  economically  as 
compared  with  other  men  engaged  in  the 
same  line  of  work,  and  then  he  would  be 
forced  to  look  more  carefully  into  his  busi- 
ness and  correct  the  weak  link.  For  "man 
is  weak  as  his  weakest  link, "  just  as  a  nation 
is  weak  as  its  weakest  link,  and  in  both  cases 
the  thing  to  do  is  to  discover  the  weak  link 
and  strengthen  it. 

Thus  free  trade  would  bring  capital  and 
labor  together,  so  that  they  would  be  working 
with  the  good  of  the  whole  in  mind. 

Free  trade  would  break  up  the  Republican 
and  Democratic  parties  in  America,  and 
would  create  two  new  and  distinctive  parties: 
the  one  would  be  labor,  which  had  consider- 
ation for  to-day  and  the  near  future ;  the  other 
would  be  capital,  which  had  consideration  for 
the  far  distant  future.  The  vote  of  the 
majority  would  select  a  man  from  one  or  the 
other  of  these  parties.  Thus  corporate  inter- 
ests would  be  prevented  from  being  carried 
too  far  by  either  party.  Society  as  a  whole 
would  be  prevented  from  giving  too  much 


206  Human  Nature 

regard  either  to  the  present  or  the  future, 
and  this  would  assure  high  efficiency,  an 
economical  use  of  the  environment,  and 
the  future  well-being  of  the  whole. 

Justice  is  only  secured  when  one  element 
of  the  force  is  willing  to  give  ear  to  what  the 
other  element  of  the  force  has  to  say.  Toler- 
ation is  willingness  to  give  ear  to  what  the 
other  man  has  to  say  as  regards  the  matter 
under  discussion.  Feelings  of  antipathy 
may  be  so  strong  on  the  one  side  that  the 
justice  of  the  claim  of  the  other  side  may  be 
utterly  disregarded,  and  the  words  go  in 
one  ear  and  out  the  other.  Toleration  is  a 
growing  understanding  of  the  three  elements 
which  comprise  force.  This  toleration  has 
been  born  out  of  continuous  interaction 
between  the  three  elements  of  force  and  the 
strengthening  of  each.  If  I  have  no  power 
backing  me  up  in  what  I  have  to  say,  the 
greatest  justice  may  be  on  my  side  and  yet 
a  just  man  may  not  be  able  to  discover  the 
justice. 

Fuller  justice  is  only  possible  through 
interaction  taking  place  between  the  three 
elements  of  force,  when  each  is  maturely  de- 
veloped and  therefore  has  a  fuller  understand- 
ing as  regards  the  good  of  the  whole. 


Justice  207 

These  two  new  parties  arising  in  America 
will  each  be  enabled  to  bring  their  claims 
before  the  whole  with  fuller  force,  and  increas- 
ing justice  will  be  the  outcome. 

Direct  taxation  will  force  the  individual 
to  take  an  increasing  interest  in  the  welfare 
of  his  country,  and  conditions  may  eventu- 
ally bring  about  the  direct  taxation  of  each 
man  for  the  benefits  received.  Let  each  one 
pay  for  his  schooling,  for  the  use  of  libraries, 
museums,  etc.,  and  thus  the  law  of  supply  and 
demand  will  be  exercising  and  portraying  the 
will  of  the  majority  to  a  fuller  degree.  In 
other  words,  each  individual  will  be  thrown 
more  and  more  on  his  own  responsibility  and 
no  part  of  the  community  will  be  run  at  a  loss. 

This  ideal  democracy  which  we  are  ap- 
proaching is  the  outcome  of  great  waste  and 
sacrifice  of  human  life,  and  if  the  world  is  to 
benefit  by  example  it  will  have  to  understand 
that  progress  is  slow,  and  that  rapid  progress 
spells  waste  and  the  dissipation  of  the  whole, 
and  that  those  younger  countries  must 
needs  take  a  long  time  to  develop  to  a  state 
which  is  fitted  for  the  ideal  democracy. 
The  two  elements  of  the  force  which  make  up 
their  human  nature  must  pass  through  the 
different  stages  of  development  followed  by 


208  Human  Nature 

the  more  advanced  nations,  in  order  that 
the  nervous  system  may  gradually  develop 
through  interaction  with  the  growing  environ- 
ment. If,  however,  human  nature  goes  on 
the  plan  that  theory  is  sufficient,  and  that 
which  took  others  ages  to  accomplish  can 
be  understood  without  interaction  with  a 
growing  environment,  then  great  waste  is 
bound  to  be  the  result.  Thus  all  people  are 
not  fitted  for  a  democratic  form  of  govern- 
ment as  generally  conceived,  any  more  than 
it  would  be  wise  to  give  a  child  power  in 
deciding  what  was  good  for  a  whole  of 
which  he  had  no  conception.  Let  economic 
conditions  decide  what  kind  of  a  government 
a  people  is  fitted  for,  but  when  judging  thus 
the  young  country  must  be  free  from  foreign 
invasion  and  artificial  conditions.  Gradually 
must  a  people  interact  with  a  developing 
environment  and  at  last  arrive  at  that  stage 
of  development  when  they  are  ready  for 
the  highest  form  of  democracy. 

In  the  union  of  the  larger  and  more  ad- 
vanced nations  in  the  West  to  carry  on  free 
trade  between  each  other,  we  see  an  ideal 
towards  which  the  smaller  nations  can  con- 
tinually work,  and  as  they  climb  on  their 
feet  and  are  enabled  to  remove  their  tariff, 


Justice  209 

which  they  were  forced  to  put  on  during 
early  development  that  they  might  enter 
into  outside  trade,  will  they  receive  more 
and  more  recognition  and  become  more  and 
more  a  part  of  the  larger  union.  This  larger 
union  will  stand  for  a  goal,  which  has  for  its 
ideal  a  condition  of  free  trade  throughout 
the  world. 

The  East  will  be  able  to  carry  on  free 
trade  to  a  degree  and  gradually  increase  its 
territory.  And  thus  will  be  growing  up 
in  the  world  two  great  systems  which  stand 
for  the  ideal  of  democracy.  Through  the 
interaction  which  will  take  place  between 
the  democracy  of  the  West  and  the  democ- 
racy of  the  East  will  result  a  mutual  bene- 
fit, and  gradual  completer  understanding  as 
regards  the  truth  of  the  saying,  that  what  is 
good  for  the  whole  is  good  for  me,  what  is 
good  for  me  is  good  for  the  whole. 

The  good  pf  the  whole  must  be  the  decid- 
ing  element  in  this  world-wide  conflict  if 
the  future  well-being  of ^  humanity  is  to  be 
cared  for. 
M 


CONCLUSION 

THERE  is  no  one  body  of  men  to  whom 
the  human  race  owes  more  than  to  the  medi- 
cal profession.  In  the  face  of  bitter  opposi- 
tion it  has  advanced  the  cause  of  science. 
Thus  as  the  greatest  help  in  the  advance- 
ment of  democracy  may  the  profession  ever 
stand  for  the  highest  ideals. 

The  ideals  of  any  profession  cannot  be 
upheld  unless  its  members  are  willing  to  give 
their  best  to  the  whole,  outside  of  their 
regular  work.  The  giving  of  one's  best  to 
the  whole  calls  for  the  translation  of  one's 
best  into  a  vernacular  that  may  be  understood 
by  the  majority.  This  translation,  in  the 
long  run,  will  be  helping  both  parties.  It 
may  seem  unprofitable  to  do  this  translating, 
still  man  will  be  making  his  own  subject  much 
plainer  to  himself,  he  will  be  seeing  it  in  a 
clearer  relationship  to  other  lines  of  endeavor 
and  thus  will  be  increasing  his  own  power. 
Pasteur  would  seem  to  have  made  his  great 
discoveries  somewhat  in  this  way.  His  ideas 
210 


Conclusion  211 

were  rejected,  and  through  being  forced  to 
make  them  plainer  and  plainer  they  became 
more  firmly  ground  in  him,  and  in  turn  they 
assumed  new  relationships  which  led  to  new 
discoveries. 

And  now  we  come  to  one  line  of  the  medi- 
cal profession  which  has  been  working  on  the 
relationship  that  exists  between  the  nervous 
system  and  the  body.  This  work,  which  was 
so  far  in  advance  of  the  times,  has  proceeded, 
attended  with  very  little  conscious  recogni- 
tion of  its  worth  as  regards  its  ultimate 
benefit  to  humanity.  Dr.  Smith  Ealy 
Jelliffe  has  been  one  of  America's  foremost 
leading  investigators  along  this  line.  Dr. 
Jelliffe  first  aroused  my  interest  in  the 
application  of  the  laws  governing  evolution 
to  everyday  life,  and  this  interest  has  con- 
tinued to  be  ever  on  the  increase. 

During  the  great  readjustment  period 
which  is  about  to  take  place,  new  world- 
wide problems  of  the  gravest  importance 
loom  up;  and  one  of  the  most  serious  is 
the  removal  of  the  restraining  hand  of  a 
future  place  of  torment  from  off  the  shoul- 
ders of  mankind.  The  question  arises  as  to 
what  force  is  to  take  its  place,  and  the  answer 
comes  forth,  the  womanhood  of  humanity. 


212  Human  Nature 

Man,  no  longer  able  to  ride  roughshod 
over  law  and  conquer  his  enemy,  or  that 
which  he  develops  into  an  enemy,  through 
physical  force,  will  have  his  power  greatly 
curtailed,  and  this  restriction,  combined 
with  freedom  from  a  persecuting  hereafter, 
will  make  man  a  free  agent  greatly  held  in 
check;  and  thus  there  will  have  to  arise  a 
strong  opposing  force  which  will  hold  in  check 
man's  desire  for  power,  and  help  him  to 
direct  it  into  channels  which  will  have  regard 
for  the  well-being  of  humanity. 

Upon  the  womanhood  of  humanity  de- 
volves a  great  moral  responsibility.  She  will 
have  to  exert  every  bit  of  energy  possessed, 
to  make  her  world  an  ideal  one,  and  so 
compel  man,  through  interaction  with  it,  to 
have  a  growing  regard  for  the  whole. 
i  The  world  of  woman  and  man  is  very 
dissimilar,  and  must  continue  to  be  very 
separate  and  distinct.  The  two  must  unite 
in  the  attainment  of  the  common  goal, 
but  each  must  continue  to  build  up  and 
strengthen  its  individuality.  If  the  two 
worlds  seek  to  become  one,  then  a  state  of 
equality  will  be  sought  which  must  eventu- 
ally lead  to  the  downfall  of  humanity. 

With  almost  the  whole  world  in  a  state  of 


Conclusion  213 

conflagration,  the  call  comes  for  some  one  na- 
tion, irrespective  of  all  creeds,  beliefs,  and 
customs,  to  step  forward  and  become  an  ad- 
vocate of  those  laws  which  will  care  for  the 
future  well-being  of  humanity.  Upon  Amer- 
ica, which  has  done  so  much  towards  the 
advance  of  freedom  and  liberty,  would  seem 
to  fall  this  responsibility.  Without  dis- 
honor to  herself,  with  the  good  of  the  whole 
at  heart,  she  is  in  a  position  to  step  forward 
and  become  an  advocate  of  free  trade, 
which  is  to  be  the  ideal  of  the  future 
democracy. 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


REC'D  I 


D 


MAR  23  '65- 


LD  21A-60m-4,'64 
(E4555slO)476B 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


VB  22948 


